Political science and international relations

1. Political science and international relations Development, mission, structures and activities of the OSCE in the area of security Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnostNázev projektu: Inovace magisterského studijního programu Fakulty ekonomiky a managementu Registrační číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0326

2. Goalsoflecutre • To introduce OSCE and its agenda at European security field • To outline the activity of OSCE in three basic dimensions: political-military, economic and environmental and human rights • To explain mechanism of arms control, conflict prevention and human rights protection • To outline other activities of OSCE connected to security in Europe

3. AGENDA • Historical origins - CSCE • The institutionalization of the CSCE and OSCE formation • Characteristics of the OSCE • The main bodies OSCE • Security dimensions • Politico-military dimension • Economic and environmental dimensions • Human rights dimension • Other activities of the OSCE • Summary

4. Historicalorigins - CSCE • The need to solve a modus vivendi and recognition of World War II results in Europe created (in the period of decreased tension between East and West in Europe) the initiation of negotiations between the states of both blocks • July 3, 1972 - the opening of negotiations in Helsinki (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe) • Participants: 33 countries in Europe + USA and Canada • 3 areas of discussion: security and political issues, economic cooperation, human rights • August 1, 1975 - Final Act of the CSCE • Results: The recognition of the equality of all states in the international forum, immutability of borders, peaceful resolution of international conflicts, non-interference in the internal affairs of the other State, the right of peoples to self-determination and human rights protection

5. Historicalorigins - OSCE • The success of the conference and the continued need for contact led to an agreement on a regular repetition of a similar conference (1977-78 Belgrade, Madrid 1980-1983, 1986-1989 Vienna) • The topic of human rights described in the Final Act of the CSCE became the catalyst for change in socialist countries (such as Charter 77 was established as a community whose goal was to warn the government of Czechoslovakia in violation of its own international commitments in the field of human rights - Czechoslovakia was also a signatory ZA CSCE) • In 1989 the program included disarmament agenda of the CSCE, which culminates in the adoption of the Treaty on the limitation of conventional forces in Europe • The end of the Cold War demonstrates the adoption of the Charter for a New Europe (1990)

6. Institucionalizationof CSCE, bornof OSCE • First half 90th years - efforts to institutionalize the CSCE • 1992 - Prague Document on the further development of the CSCE institutions and structures • Established the Conflict Prevention Centre (Vienna), Secretariat (Vienna, Prague), the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (Warsaw), etc. • January 1, 1995 - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe • Institutionalization was led by effort to create a pan-European alternative to the current security arrangement (after the demise of the Warsaw Pact, and this time is no clear direction of NATO) • 1999 - adoption of the Charter for European Security (Istanbul) • OSCE today is (outside the UN) geographically widest, but the weakest security organization comprising 56 member states with a budget 150 764 700, - € (2011)

8. Characteristicof OSCE • Regional security organization under Chapter VIII of the UN Charter • In its scope is the primary tool of early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict reconstruction • Is of a kind unique approach to security that understands the OSCE comprehensively and within the acceding based on cooperative • A comprehensive approach is based on three dimensional approach to security area comprising: • politico-military • economic and environmental • human rights

9. Characteristicof OSCE • In accordance with this concept, the OSCE focuses on a wide range of activities related to safety, including the agenda of arms control, confidence-building resources and security, human rights, national minorities, democratization, the police, the fight against terrorism, the economy and the environment • Cooperative approach is based on the fact that all 56 Member States enjoy the same status in the OSCE, which takes decisions by consensus at the political, but not legally binding • OSCE is an organization of cooperative security

10. Weaksof OSCE • Broad membership – difficult to get political consensus on sensitive issues (insufficient consensus minus one) • The absence of really effective police and military instruments • The absence of long-term vision • The absence of "added value" compared to the existing security organizations (NATO, EU) • The gradual shift from security-military agenda to the agenda related to soft security (human rights, environmental development, etc.)

11. Principesof OSCE • The OSCE is based on a series of principles of the Final Act of the Helsinki Conference of 1975. These principles include the principles: • sovereign equality • refrain from the threat or use of force • inviolability of borders • territorial integrity of the state • peaceful settlement of disputes • non-interference in the internal affairs of the state • respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms • equal rights and self-determination of individuals • cooperation among countries and fair implementation of the commitments

12. Mainbodiesof OSCE • Summit, the Council of Ministers, the Permanent Council, the Forum for Security Cooperation, the Parliamentary Assembly of the OSCE, etc. • Acting Chairman, Threesomes, Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the media coordinator for the activities on the environment and the economy, the Office of the High Commissioner on National Minorities, etc.

15. DimensionofSecurity • In the terminology of the OSCE is the term used to describe the dimensions of a set of standards and activities related to the principal business of the OSCE, which consists in ensuring the security of the Member States. The three main dimensions of the OSCE security include: • Politico-military dimension • Economic and environmental dimension • Human rights dimension

16. Political-militarydimension • OSCE is not an organization directly involved in arms control. However, it is currently involved in various political and military activities aimed at strengthening confidence between Member States on the issue of the limits of conventional weapons and help small and destruction of small arms and conventional ammunition • The key mission of the OSCE in the field of the first dimension is to assist in the implementation of the Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty on Open Skies. Further supports the implementation of the OSCE Document on the means of building confidence and safety (CSBMs), the Code of Conduct on politico-military aspects of security and the Document on small arms and light weapons (SALW). OSCE also participates in the implementation of arms control established under the Dayton Peace Agreement

17. Political-militarydimension • The main body of the OSCE politico-military security issues is the Forum for Security Cooperation, which is responsible for the preparation of documents outlining the principles of non-conventional weapons and regulating their movement • While the forum provides space for political dialogue, most practical work, including assistance in safeguarding and destruction of ammunition and stores small arms and light weapons is carried out through the Centre for Conflict Prevention and missions (called field operations) OSCE

18. CFE • The Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) is considered the basis of stability and security, from the Atlantic to the Urals and one of the most important tools of arms control in the OSCE • A legally binding contract, signed in Paris in 1990 between representatives of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, was the result of five years of negotiations to reduce conventional forces within the CSCE • The purpose of the agreement was the establishment of military balance between the two (in that time) rival organizations. Agreement set numerical limits for armies and armaments, and after two years was supplemented by the Final Act of negotiations on the numbers of conventional forces in Europe (CFE-1A) in Vienna. The Treaty established a functional verification mechanism and allow the destruction of more than 50,000 weapons system • The agreement was in connection with the expansion of NATO's revised (1999)

19. FulfilmentofCFE (1999) fromthe CR

20. Institutionofpolitical-militarydimension • Forum for security cooperation: • Established in 1992 by the Helsinki Summit in order to conduct a new round of negotiations on arms control as a result of the resumption of armed conflict and increased proliferation of conventional weapons • Forum meets weekly and holds annual meetings to evaluate the implementation of the commitments entered into by the Member States of the OSCEin the first dimension • During the 90th Forum approved many important documents. One of the most important is the Code of Conduct on politico-military aspects of security, which focuses on democratic control of armed and security forces, international humanitarian law and the principles of the use of armed force in the international and national levels

21. Institutionofpolitical-militarydimension • Open Skies Consultative Group: • It discusses issues relating to compliance ofthe Treaty on Open Skies, signed in Helsinki in 1992 (in force since 2002). Objective of the treaty is to promote openness and transparency in military operations • The Treaty established a regime forobservation flights that can be performed unarmed aircraft over the territory of signatory countries to obtain information on their armed forces • The contract envisages extending to other areas of activity, such as crisis management and environmental protection. • The joint consultation group: • Founded in 1990 in Vienna, solve ambiguities and differences of interpretation on the provisions of the Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe. It seeks to increase the efficiency of the contract addresses the technical issues, and investigates disputes that may arise in its implementation

22. Institutionofpolitical-militarydimension • Conflict Prevention Centre - Secretariat: • Assists to OSCE Chairmanship, to the Permanent Council and Forum for Security and Cooperation in meeting commitments, contracts and political-military documents and projects OSCE politico-military dimension • With the help of the OSCE communication system provides a link between the capitals of the Member States, and provides assistance in the implementation of the means of building confidence and safety (CSBMs) agreed in the Vienna Document 1999 • The center also helps to the OSCE Chairmanship in organizing annual security review conference and distributes relevant documents

23. Conflictprevention • The traditional role of the OSCE as a forum for political consultations and negotiations are due to a number of internal and ethnic conflicts 90th have gradually expanded to include new functions in the areas of early warning, conflict prevention and rehabilitation of the areas affected by conflicts • With the help of their institutions and information networks OSCE monitors the tension and the conflicts and trying to take immediate steps to de-escalation. OSCE activity covers the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia, working with the UN and other international organizations • OSCE in this field has developed several specific tools. An example is the establishment of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities, which helps prevent the escalation of ethnic tensions

24. Conflictprevention • High Commissioner on National Minorities: • Established in The Hague in 1993 in response to the conflict in the former Yugoslavia • His mission is to identify and seek early solution of ethnic tensions that might endanger peace, stability and friendly relations between the Member States. In accordance with its mandate represents "an instrument of conflict prevention at the earliest possible stage." • High Commissioner provides early warnings and advice in situations of ethnic tension

25. Economy-enviromentaldimension • Although the OSCE is not primarily an economic organization or organizations in the field of environmental protection, the organization aims to promote economic prosperity and cooperation in the field of environmental protection, which it considers as a contribution to the strengthening of international security and stability • The economy and the environment are parts of the agenda of the OSCE Helsinki conference. Their inclusion in the Final Act reflects a commitment to a holistic approach to the issue of security • Final Act of the CSCE in this area focused on economic development issues, science, technology and environmental protection and its role in relation to international security • Was established the Economic Forum, a position of Coordinator for Economy and environment, was created Subcommittee of the Permanent Council for the economy and the environment

26. Economy-enviromental dimension • OSCE promotes dialogue on the economy and the environment through regular meetings of its permanent organs in Vienna (Permanent Council and the Subcommittee for the economy and the environment). Operational activities are carried out at a place within the OSCE institutions and missions • OSCE organizes Economic Forum, which meets annually with representatives of the Member States. Forum makes recommendations and serves as a platform for dialogue between governments and representatives of economic life, academia and civil society • This agenda today includes the activities in the field of hazardous waste treatment, waste water management, and fighting corruption, money laundering and human trafficking

27. Economy-environmentaldimension • Coordinator of OSCE activities for the economy and the environment: • Position of Coordinator was established in 1997 to provide more space to economic aspects of security in the territorial scope of the OSCE • The coordinator has the task of strengthening the ability of the Permanent Council of the OSCE and other organizations dealing with economic, social and environmental security aspects • Ensures cooperation with relevant international organizations, NGOs and the private sector • Participates in the formulation of the work program of the second dimension and coordinate economic and environmental activities in OSCE missions

28. Human-lawdimension • The OSCE was created as a security organization, but does not deal with matters of military security and arms control. OSCE advocates a broad approach to security including the issue of human rights • For the first time the issue of human rights has become an integral part of the regional security arrangement in the Final Act of the Helsinki Conference. It puts human rights on an equal footing politico-military and economic issues, which represented a milestone in the history of human rights protection • Many of ethnic conflicts in 90th years, accompanied by mass violations of human rights confirmed the correctness of a broad security concept of the OSCE, in the sense that a free society allows everyone to participate fully in public life is a guarantee against violence and instability

29. Human-lawdimension • OSCE - as a political process - do not create legally binding norms and principles of human rights. Obligations of the OSCE human dimension are political in nature: although not legally enforceable, but politically binding on Member States to fulfill the agreed principles • In many cases, the OSCE human dimension commitments exceed the international legal framework of human rights. States within the OSCE human dimension such as agreeing that a pluralist democracy based on the rule of law is the only way ofthe government ensuring effective protection of human rights • OSCE is in this regard, also sometimes referred to as a pan-European social order. OSCE is not only an international organization, but a community of values​​, in which pluralist democracy, the rule of law and protection of human rights play a major role

30. Human-lawdimension • InOSCE are not matters relating to human rights, fundamental freedoms and the rule of law regarded as an internal matter of law, but are considered as a matter of international concern, as respect for these rights is one of the foundations of the international order (document Moscow, 1991) • OSCE Member States may not invoke the principle of nonintervention and prevent discussion of human rights in their countries. OSCE in this sense is not only a community of values ​​but also of responsibility: OSCE Member States are not allowed to criticize the other Member States with regard to human rights, but they also have an obligation to help these countries to tackle the issue of human rights protection

31. Human-lawdimension • OSCE activities in the field of human rights focuses on the issue of freedom of movement, religion, the fight against torture and human trafficking • OSCE monitors the situation of human rights in all member countries, especially in the field of freedom of assembly, the right to a proper and fair trial and the death penalty • OSCE education and training in area of human rights for students, guardian of law, government officials and staff responsible for law enforcement. It also participates in the fight against racism, discrimination and intolerance • OSCE supports democratization and assist Member States in building democratic institutions and capacity building necessary for the consolidation of democratic culture

32. Institutionofhuman-lawdimension • Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR): • The oldest OSCE institutions established in 1990 • Operating institution is responsible for the "human dimension" • Organizing elections, monitoring missions, promotes democracy and rule of law, providing assistance and advice on institution-building and supervision of compliance with standards of the OSCE human dimension • Since 1995, the OSCE has participated as an observer more than 150 elections and referendums, sending more than 15,000 observers (outside the OSCE area operated for the first time in 2004, when it sent a 43-member technical team to assist in the presidential elections in Afghanistan) • Special Representative for the fight against trafficking in human beings: • Appointed by the Action Plan to combat human trafficking in 2003 to help Member States to implement the recommendations of the Action Plan

33. Otheractivitiesof OSCE Election • Organization of elections is part of the OSCE democratization activities. OSCE provides technical assistance in selected countries in order to improve the administrative and legal framework for elections Education • Part of efforts to prevent conflicts. Include the training of civil servants in the field of human rights, the environment and women's issues in order to acquire practical skills in areas such as project management for the implementation of structural reforms Lawof rights • One of the key activities of the OSCE in the field of human rights. OSCE makes recommendations for legislative reforms and supports Member States in the fight against corruption. Monitors the humanitarian situation in member countries, including illegal migration, movement and return of refugees

34. Otheractivitiesof OSCE Border control • OSCE activities in this area range from conflict prevention, post-war and post-conflict reconstruction. Examples include monitoring mission in Skopje in charge of border control. In other regions, the OSCE trains border shelf and supports regional cooperation in the fight against illegal migration Illegal migration, trafficking in small arms and hand, drug trafficking • One of the priorities of the OSCE. The organization supports the relevant legislative reforms, training of authorities responsible for law enforcement and increasing the security of travel documents

35. Otheractivitiesof OSCE Police • Organizationof the OSCE Policeunitsis an integral part of efforts to prevent conflict and activities in the field of post-war and post-conflict reconstruction. OSCE has police advisers and organizes police cooperation programs in many countries. It focuses mainly on the areas of education, training, administrative and structural reforms Racial tolerance and non-discrimination • Authorities the OSCE, especially the Warsaw Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), are leading targeted campaign against all forms of racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism and discrimination. OSCE cooperation in this field with other European institutions and the UN, in particular with the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia and the UN Committee for the elimination of racial discrimination

36. Otheractivitiesof OSCE Minority Rights • The aim of the OSCE is to set standards of rights of persons belonging to minority groups. Supports the political rights of the Gypsies and the development of civil society among Gypsy communities in the Balkans Freedom of the media • OSCE monitors media developments in Member States and performs early warning in case of violation of freedom of expression. OSCE provided training to journalists and technicians in setting up radio stations and monitors free access to information on the Internet Terrorism • OSCE contributes to the global fight against terrorism, in particular by the training of police officers and border monitoring

37. Otheractivitiesof OSCE Military Reform • OSCE activities in the field of military reform carried out at two levels: while practical activities are carried out in OSCE missions, as well as the Centre for Conflict Prevention, Political negotiations are taking place on the grounds of the Forum for Security and Cooperation, which provides a framework for dialogue on military reform among Member States leading to a politically binding agreements • Practical activities include assisting states to reform their legislation, reduction and / or conversion of the armed forces, training in humanitarian law and other areas related to military reform. OSCE carries out these activities in the Centre and in conflict prevention missions (eg in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, etc.). Activities related to military reform are described in the Code of Conduct on politico-military aspects of security principles stipulating the role of the armed forces in a democratic society

38. Conclusion • OSCE follows the CSCE and its activities refers to the area included in the Helsinki Final Act of the CSCE (1975) • During the 90th years, the CSCE was transformed into a permanent institution with an evolving structure, which was an alternative to already established institutions of collective defense • In the OSCE is now 56 countries and organizations are engaged in ensuring security in North America, Asia and Europe • Absence of equivalent of the UN Security Council, the principle of decision by consensus and that legal decisions are not binding make the OSCE weak organization oriented on complementary and easygoing activities of cooperative security • Focusing on the politico-military, economic-environmental and human rights dimension of security, while in the lastmentioned achieves relatively the most important results

39. Political science and international relations Development, mission, structures and activities of the OSCE in the area of security Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnostNázev projektu: Inovace magisterského studijního programu Fakulty ekonomiky a managementu Registrační číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0326