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Getting to California

Ch 11 Sec 2: Populism. populism – political movement of the 1890s focused on increasing the political power of farmers greenback – money issued by the Union during the Civil War; couldn’t be exchanged for gold / silver (caused inflation)

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Getting to California

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  1. Ch 11 Sec 2: Populism • populism – political movement of the 1890s focused on increasing the political power of farmers • greenback – money issued by the Union during the Civil War; couldn’t be exchanged for gold / silver (caused inflation) • Grange – a national farm organization founded for social and educational purposes • cooperative – pooled members’ crops held them off the market to force the prices to rise and give them more bargaining power with railroads and markets • People’s Party (Populist Party) – third party to push for political reforms that would help farmers solve their problems • graduated income tax– one that taxes higher earnings more heavily (the more you make the higher the percentage) • goldbug – believed the American currency should be based only on the gold standard (should only print as much money as the nation has gold on hand to back up that money) • silverite – believed in the unlimited coinage of silver to increase the nation’s money supply Getting to California

  2. Chapter Objectives Section 2: Populism • Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. • Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Intro 3

  3. Guide to Reading Main Idea In the 1890s an independent political movement called populism emerged to challenge the two major parties.  Key Terms and Names • populism  • People’s Party  • graduated income tax  • goldbug  • silverite  • William Jennings Bryan • greenback  • inflation  • deflation  • Grange  • cooperative  Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-1

  4. Unrest in Rural America • In the 1890s, a political movement called Populism emerged to increase the political power of farmers and to work for legislation for farmers’ interests. • The nation’s money supply concerned farmers. • To help finance the Union in the Civil War, the government issued millions of dollars in greenbacks, or paper currency that could not be exchanged for gold or silver coins. (pages 372–374) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-5

  5. Meanwhile in the Land of OZ..... Populism in the Wizard of OZ? • Some historians suggest that the children’s story “The Wonderful Wizard of OZ” by L. Frank Baum written in 1900 is actually about the Populist movement in the 1890s and the need to get off the gold standard and coin silver. • Many changes to the book were made for the 1939 movie to take advantage of the new technology of colored film. Click the mouse button to display the information. Section 1-5

  6. Meanwhile in the Land of OZ..... Oz = ounces for measuring gold Located “Somewhere Over the Rainbow” What is at the end of a rainbow? Click the mouse button to display the information. Section 1-5

  7. Meanwhile in the Land of OZ..... The Emerald City Represents Washington DC as well as the “White City” of the World’s Columbian Exposition at the Chicago World’s Fair of 1893. The green can represent the paper greenbacks that have value because people pretend it is valuable. Section 1-5

  8. Unrest in Rural America(cont.) • This rapid increase in the money supply without a rapid increase in goods for sale caused inflation–a decline in the value of money. • The prices of goods greatly increased. • To get inflation under control, the federal government stopped printing greenbacks and started paying off bonds. • Congress also stopped making silver into coins. (pages 372–374) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-6

  9. Unrest in Rural America(cont.) • As a result, the country did not have a large enough money supply to meet the needs of the growing economy. • This led to deflation–or an increase in the value of money and a decrease in the general level of prices. • Deflation forced most farmers to borrow money to plant their crops. • The short supply of money caused an increase in interest rates that the farmers owed. (pages 372–374) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-7

  10. Meanwhile in the Land of OZ..... The Scarecrow The Scarecrow was the wise but naïve western farmer. With formal education not a priority in farming life, the Scarecrow was looking for a brain. His “fear” is fire, the same as a farmer fearing something from nature (drought, fire or insects). The Scarecrow was found by Dorothy hanging in the field similar to the farmer in the Puck cartoon. Click the mouse button to display the information. Section 1-5

  11. Unrest in Rural America(cont.) • Some farmers wanted more greenbacks printed to expand the money supply. • Others wanted the government to mint silver coins. • The Grange was a national farm organization founded for social and educational purposes. • When the country experienced a recession, large numbers of farmers joined the Grange for help. • The Grange changed its focus to respond to the plight of farmers. (pages 372–374) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-8

  12. Unrest in Rural America(cont.) • Grangers put their money together and created cooperatives–marketing organizations that worked to help its members. • The cooperatives pooled members’ crops and held them off the market to force the prices to rise. • Cooperatives could negotiate better shipping rates from railroads. (pages 372–374) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-9

  13. Unrest in Rural America(cont.) • The Grange was unable to improve the economic conditions of farmers. • By the late 1870s, many farmers left the Grange and joined other organizations that offered to help them solve their problems. (pages 372–374) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-10

  14. The Farmers’ Alliance • The Farmers’ Alliance was formed in 1877. • By 1890 it had between 1.5 and 3 million members with strength in the South and on the Great Plains. • The Alliance organized large cooperatives called exchanges for the purpose of forcing farm prices up and making loans to farmers at low interest rates. • These exchanges mostly failed. (pages 374–375) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-12

  15. The Farmers’ Alliance(cont.) • Many exchanges overextended themselves by loaning too much money at low interest rates that were not repaid. • Wholesalers, manufacturers, railroads, and bankers discriminated against the exchanges. • The exchanges were too small to dramatically affect world prices for farm products. (pages 374–375) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-13

  16. The Farmers’ Alliance(cont.) • Members of the Kansas Alliance formed the People’s Party, or Populists, to push for political reforms that would help farmers solve their problems. • Most Southern leaders of the Alliance opposed the People’s Party because they wanted the Democrats to retain control of the South. • One Southern leader, Charles Macune, came up with a subtreasury plan to set up warehouses where farmers could store their crops to force prices up. (pages 374–375) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-14

  17. The Rise of Populism • Mary Ellen Lease, was one of the most passionate speakers for the People's Party in Kansas during the 1890 election campaign. Political opponents nicknamed her "Mary Yellin" and criticized the tall and forceful Lease for acting in an "unfeminine" manner by speaking in public. (pages 375–378) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-16

  18. Meanwhile in the Land of OZ..... Mary Yellin’ is Dorothy? Some see Dorothy as a young “Mary Ellen Lease”, the woman from Kansas who told farmers to “raise less corn and more hell”. "Wall Street owns the country. It is no longer a government of the people, for the people, by the people, but a government of Wall Street, for Wall Street, and by Wall Street." Click the mouse button to display the information. Section 1-5

  19. The Rise of Populism • In 1890 the Farmers’ Alliance issued the Ocala Demands to help farmers choose candidates in the 1890 elections. • The demands included the adoption of the subtreasury plan, the free coinage of silver, an end to protective tariffs and national banks, tighter regulation of the railroads, and direct election of senators by voters. • Many pro-Alliance Democrats were elected to office in the South. (pages 375–378) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-16

  20. The Rise of Populism(cont.) • By early 1892, Southern members of the Alliance began to realize that Democrats were not going to keep their promises to the Alliance and they were ready to leave the Democratic Party and join the People’s Party. • In July 1892, the People’s Party held its first national convention where it nominated James B. Weaver to run for president. (pages 375–378) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-17

  21. The Rise of Populism(cont.) • The People’s Party platform called for unlimited coinage of silver, federal ownership of railroads, and a graduated income tax, one that taxes higher earnings more heavily. • It also called for an eight-hour workday, restriction of immigration, and denounced the use of strikebreakers. • Democrats nominated New Yorker Grover Cleveland for the 1892 presidential election. • Cleveland won the election. Where is the support of the Populist Party? (pages 375–378) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-18

  22. The Rise of Populism(cont.) • The Panic of 1893 was caused by the bankruptcy of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroads. • It resulted in the stock market crash and the closing of many banks. • By 1894 the country was in a deep depression. • President Cleveland wanted to stop the flow of gold and make it the sole basis for the country’s currency, so he had Congress repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. (pages 375–378) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-19

  23. Meanwhile in the Land of OZ..... The Tin Woodsman Symbolized the dehumanized American worker. With the mind numbing work he was asked to do he was in search of a heart. He had a hex put on him by the Witch of the East (who represents Eastern industrialists and bankers) that leaves him rusted. The rust he is discovered with may represent the Industrial Depression of 1893. Also showed America’s growing dependence on Rockefeller’s oil. Click the mouse button to display the information. Section 1-5

  24. Meanwhile in the Land of OZ..... The Tin Woodsman and the Scarecrow The Tin-man is able to function again with the help of the Scarecrow, representing the Farmer-Labor coalition that was attempted in the 1890s. Click the mouse button to display the information. Section 1-5

  25. Meanwhile in the Land of OZ..... Emerald Palace The White House – once inside, Dorothy has to pass through seven halls and climb three flights of stairs, a possible reference to the “Crime of ’73”, which was a congressional act that eliminated the coinage of silver and made many Populists believe that Congress worked for the banks and not the people. Click the mouse button to display the information. Section 1-5

  26. The Rise of Populism(cont.) • This caused the Democratic Party to split into the goldbugs and the silverites. • Goldbugs believed the American currency should be based only on gold. (pages 375–378) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-20

  27. The Rise of Populism(cont.) • Silverites believed coining silver in unlimited amounts was the answer to the nation’s economic crisis. (pages 375–378) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-20

  28. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2

  29. Meanwhile in the Land of OZ..... The Silver Slippers Though in the movie they are Ruby Red slippers, in the book they are silver. Their power represents the Populist viewpoint that “the free and unlimited coinage of silver” was the solution to the nation’s problems. Click the mouse button to display the information. Section 1-5

  30. Meanwhile in the Land of OZ..... The Yellow Brick Road Represents the “gold standard” and all of the dangers involved in following it. And ultimately where the gold leads to (The Emerald City). Click the mouse button to display the information. Section 1-5

  31. Meanwhile in the Land of OZ..... The Power of the Silver Slippers At the end of the movie Dorothy is told that she had the power to solve her problems all along with her silver slippers (coinage of silver), she never really needed to go down the Yellow Brick Road (gold standard). Click the mouse button to display the information. Section 1-5

  32. Meanwhile in the Land of OZ..... Toto Represents the Prohibitionist Party (also known as “Teetotalers”). They were strong allies in the pro-silver coalition. Click the mouse button to display the information. Section 1-5

  33. The Election of 1896 • The Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan for the presidential election of 1896. • He strongly supported the unlimited coinage of silver. • Populists also supported Bryan for president. (pages 378–379) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-22

  34. Meanwhile in the Land of OZ..... The Cowardly Lion The Cowardly Lion may represent all of the Presidents of the Gilded Age that never stood up to big business (the cartoon below is of Grover Cleveland). He may represent the Populist Presidents that feared entering the Spanish-American War. He may also of represented William Jennings Bryan (“a great roar with no bite”), the Democrat who ran for President in 1896. Click the mouse button to display the information. Section 1-5

  35. The Election of 1896 • The Republicans nominated William McKinley of Ohio for president. • He promised workers a “full dinner pail.” (pages 378–379) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-22

  36. Meanwhile in the Land of OZ..... Wicked Witch of the West Many feel this represented President William McKinley although he was known as a “Wizard” for his political skills. The 1897 cartoon shows McKinley as a witch with a Toto like dog as Uncle Sam. Click the mouse button to display the information. Section 1-5

  37. The Election of 1896(cont.) • Most business leaders liked McKinley because they thought that unlimited silver coinage would ruin the country’s economy. • McKinley won the election of 1896. • New gold strikes in Alaska and Canada’s Yukon Territory and in other parts of the world increased the money supply without needing to use silver. • As the silver issue died out, so did the Populist Party. (pages 378–379) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-23

  38. Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. C __ 1. the loss of value of money __ 2. a piece of U.S. paper money first issued by the North during the Civil War __ 3. a person who believes that American currency should be based on a gold standard __ 4. a decline in the volume of available money or credit that results in lower prices, and, therefore, increases the buying power of money __ 5. a person who believes that coining silver in unlimited quantities would solve the nation’s economic crisis A. deflation B. greenback C. inflation D. goldbug E. silverite B D A E Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-25

  39. Economics and History (cont.) Analyzing Graphs What happened to prices of crops between 1865 and 1895? The trend for wheat and corn is downward. The price of cotton remained relatively constant during the period after an initial fluctuation. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment 10

  40. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) How did the Grange attempt to solve farmers’ problems in the late 1800s? It pooled resources to create cooperatives, pressured legislatures to regulate railroad and warehouse rates, and encouraged the government to print more money. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment 5

  41. Critical Thinking Analyzing Themes: Economic Factors Why was the type of currency used in the United States an important issue to farmers in the late 1800s? Without greenbacks and silver coins, the money supply could not meet the needs of the growing economy. The value of money increased, and crop prices began to fall. Chapter Assessment 7

  42. Unrest in Rural America(cont.) How did the Grange try to help farmers? Some Grangers pressured state legislatures to regulate railroad and warehouse rates. Others joined the Independent National Party, or Greenback Party, to pressure the government into printing more greenbacks to increase the money supply. Grangers also formed cooperatives to help farmers market their crops for higher prices and negotiate better shipping rates. (pages 372–374) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-11

  43. What were some of the difficulties that settlers encountered as they settled the Great Plains? Possible answers: Isolation, tornadoes, destructive insects, harsh weather, and dust storms were some of the difficulties that settlers encountered. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment 13

  44. Analyzing Visuals Examine the photograph of David Hilton and his family with an organ they rescued from a collapsed sod house. Why do you think it was so important for them to rescue the organ? The organ was one of the few sources of entertainment for the family. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-29

  45. Reviewing Themes Economic Factors What economic problems caused farmers to support populism? Deflation, falling farm prices, high tariffs, and high rail shipping rates caused farmers to support populism. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-27

  46. Critical Thinking Analyzing How did the Farmers’ Alliance contribute to the rise of a new political party? Some Alliance members wanted to form a new party to get their programs passed. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-28

  47. The Farmers’ Alliance(cont.) Why did the exchanges set up by the Farmers’ Alliance fail? Many exchanges overextended themselves by loaning too much money at low interest rates that were not repaid. Wholesalers, manufacturers, railroads, and bankers discriminated against the exchanges. The exchanges were too small to dramatically affect world prices for farm products. (pages 374–375) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-15

  48. The Rise of Populism(cont.) What was the People’s Party platform in the election of 1892? The People’s Party platform called for unlimited coinage of silver, federal ownership of railroads, and a graduated income tax, or one that taxes higher earnings more heavily. It also called for an eight-hour workday, restriction of immigration, and denounced the use of strikebreakers. (pages 375–378) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-21

  49. Checking for Understanding (cont.) List the issues that the Democrats endorsed in the 1896 presidential election. Democrats supported farmers and silver as a monetary base. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-26

  50. The Election of 1896(cont.) Why did William McKinley appeal to workers and business leaders? McKinley promised workers a “full dinner pail.” Most business leaders liked him because they thought that unlimited silver coinage would ruin the country’s economy. (pages 378–379) Objective:Describe who joined the Populist Party and what the party’s goals were. Explain why farmers wanted a greenback currency and why the adoption of the gold standard led to the Farmers’ Alliance. Section 2-24

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