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Asterids

Asterids. Chapter 8 Simpson, 2 nd Edition. Asterids. Asterids. Three major characters united group presence of iridoid compounds sympetalous corolla (most) unitegmic tenunucellate ovules ( poorly developed nucellus ). Ipomopsis – scarlet Gilia. Asterids.

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Asterids

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  1. Asterids Chapter 8 Simpson, 2nd Edition

  2. Asterids

  3. Asterids Three major characters united group • presence of iridoid compounds • sympetalous corolla (most) • unitegmictenunucellate ovules (poorly developed nucellus)

  4. Ipomopsis – scarlet Gilia Asterids • Diversity of the Asterids • 14 orders • 110 families • 60,000+ species • ca. 23,600 in Asteraceae, the most diverse family of dicots • predominantly herbs • usually 4-merous or 5-merous sympetalous corollas with epipetalous stamens • stamen # equal to or fewer to petals • no hypanthium • no apocarpy • most advanced group of dicotyledons and probably the most recently evolved • they exploit specialized pollinators and specialized means of presenting the pollen • seems likely that the rise of the Asteridsis closely correlated with the evolution of insects capable of recognizing complex floral patterns

  5. Cornus florida Cornus stolonifera - red osier Asterids K4-5 C4-5 A4-5 G(2-4), inferior Cornaceae - dogwood family 2/85 widespread in north temperate regions A. Order Cornales • shrub/trees, rarely herbs • Cornus • inflorescence a head or cyme • showy, petaloidbracts • arcuate, opposite leaves

  6. Asterids Cornaceae A. Order Cornales Hydrangea

  7. Asterids K5 C(5) A10 G(5), superior, usually Ericaceae - heather or blueberry family 126/4000 widespread temperate & tropical mtns B. Order Ericales 25 families • herbs/shrubs/trees • corolla often urceolate (urn-shaped) • grow in nutrient poor soil • bogs – ericaceous shrubs • root with mycorrhizal fungi • floral formula variable • stamens more numerous that other asterids; distinct

  8. Arbutoideae Arbutus Rhododendron Azalea Rhodendroideae Ericoideae Erica - heather Vaccinioideae Vaccinium - blueberry Pyroloideae Monotropoideae Pyrola - wintergreen Monotropa – Indian Pipe Asterids Ericaceae – 6 subfamiles B. Order Ericales

  9. Polemonium – Jacob’s ladder Phlox Ipomopsis – scarlet Gilia Asterids K(5) C(5) A G(3), superior Polemoniaceae - phlox family 23/385 temperate N. hemisphere; arid sw US B. Order Ericales • herbs/shrubs • three stigmas • tubular corolla • fruit a capsule

  10. Asterids Fouquieriaceae– ocotillo family 1/11 southwestern North America ocotillo boojum (cirio) B. Order Ericales

  11. Sarracenia - pitcher-plant Sarracenia purpurea Asterids Sarraceniaceae - Pitcher-plant 3/15 eastern, western NA; N South America B. Order Ericales • insectivorous • “carnivorous” • grow in acid environments • Wyeomyia smithii is a mosquito that completes its entire life cycle in the immediate vicinity of Sarracenia purpurea • eggs deposited on the water within the plant • larvae live in the liquid of the plant and feed on the carcasses of insects and spiders being digested by the plant enzymes • multiple generations take place from spring through fall • over-winters as a larva frozen in a block of ice within the plant

  12. Asterids Sarraceniaceae - Pitcher-plant B. Order Ericales

  13. Asterids Sarraceniaceae - Pitcher-plant B. Order Ericales

  14. A5 Ca5 Co 5 G 2 4 nutlets gynobasic style Asterids LAMIIDS A. Order Boraginales Boranginaceae – forget-me-not family 130/2400 cosmopolitan • fruit of 4 nutlets • gynobasic style - style inserted on the receptacle and to the base of the carpels • coiled cymes; regular Co • leaves simple, alternate, linear, entire, sessile • stem round • plant coarsely hirsute

  15. four nutlets Mertensia - blue bells Asterids LAMIIDS A. Order Boraginales Boranginaceae – forget-me-not family

  16. Asterids LAMIIDS A. Order Boraginales Boranginaceae – forget-me-not family

  17. Eustoma grandiflorum - prairie gentian Asterids LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales • simple opposite leaves • hypogynous regular flowers • flower lobes contorted in the bud • isomerous stamens • bicarpellate gynoecium

  18. “invisible” septum ovule ovary wall Asterids B. Order Gentianales Gentianaceae - gentian family 87/1675 cosmopolitan • unilocular ovary with a glandular disc at its base • parietal placentation • fruit a septicidal capsule K4 C4-5 A(4-5) G(2), superior axile placentation parietal placentation • no septa • ovules on inner wall of ovary • ovary divided by septa into locules • axis is the fused margins of carpels

  19. Gentiana spp. - closed gentian Asterids LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales Gentianaceae - gentian family Gentiana puberulenta - downy gentian

  20. inferior ovary herbaceous with whorled leaves Galium - bedstraw Asterids K(4-5) C(4-5) A4-5 G(2), inferior LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales • mostly herbs (tropical trees/shrubs) • great tropical diversity • entire, opposite or whorled lvs WITH stipules • epigynous • +/- regular flowers Rubiaceae – coffee family 611/13,150 tropical

  21. Coffea Gardenia Tonic water – a malarial treatment? contains < 20 mg quinine/6oz recommended quinine dosage for treatment of malaria is 2-3, 200-350 mg tablets 3X/day Cinchona - yields antimalarial quinines (Africa) Bottle of tonic water, under regular and UV light (shows fluorescence of quinine). Asterids LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales Rubiaceae – coffee family

  22. Asterids LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales Apocynaceae– dogbane/milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae) 415/4700 tropical, subtropical, warm temperate K(5) C(5) A(5) G(2), superior • milky latex • corona - five erect, often brightly colored elements • sometimes mistaken for petals • each coronal component is called a hood

  23. Asterids LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales Apocynaceae– dogbane/Milkweed Family pollinia - a body composed of the pollen grains of an anther sac (a coherent waxy mass of pollen) -> usually found behind the hood translators - arms connecting pollinia to corpusculum corpusculum - gland or central body of the pollen unit gynostegium - joined A & G

  24. Asterids LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales Apocynaceae– dogbane/Milkweed Family fruit a follicle comose seeds

  25. Asterids LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales Apocynaceae– dogbane/Milkweed Family Asclepias - milkweed

  26. Asterids LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales Apocynaceae– dogbane/Milkweed Family Stapelia - carrion flower

  27. Asterids LAMIIDS B. Order Gentianales Apocynaceae–

  28. Asterids K(5) C(5) A4or2 G(2), superior LAMIIDS C. Order Lamiales Lamiaceae- Mint Family 238/7170 cosmopolitan – Mediterranean especially fruit of 4 nutlets gynobasic style flowers axillary or terminal bilabiate corolla leaves simple, opposite or whorled, serrate stem square aromatic foliage (volatile oils = minty odor)

  29. Asterids LAMIIDS C. Order Lamiales Lamiaceae- Mint Family Salvia - sage Nepeta- catnip Mentha - spearmint, peppermint Marrumbium - hoarhound Monarda - horse mint, bee balm Rosmarinums - rosemary Lavendula - lavender Coleus - coleus

  30. Asterids LAMIIDS C. Order Lamiales Lamiaceae- Mint Family diagnostic features

  31. Asterids LAMIIDS C. Order Lamiales Lamiaceae- Mint Family diversity

  32. capsule Asterids K(2-5) C(5) A2-5 G (2), superior LAMIIDS C. Order Lamiales Scrophulariaceae– Snapdragon/Figwort Family 65/1800 cosmopolitan herbs/shrubs bilabiate corolla superior ovary terete stem leaves alternate or opposite no aroma to leaves fruit a capsule 5th stamen sterile = staminode (=beardtongue) in some

  33. Castilleja - Indian Paintbrush root parasite Orthocarpus – owl clover root parasite a federal and state endangered species -habitat is rare Penstemon haydenii - blowout penstemon Asterids LAMIIDS C. Order Lamiales Scrophulariaceae

  34. Antirrhinum - snapdragon Verbascum - mullein Digitalis - foxglove, the source of glycosides Asterids LAMIIDS C. Order Lamiales Scrophulariaceae

  35. Lantana Asterids K(5) C(5) A4 G(2), superior LAMIIDS C. Order Lamiales Verbenaceae- Vervain Family 35/1175 pantropical– a few temperate Verbena herbs/shrubs/woody vines/trees stem four-sided leaves opposite or whorled, simple mostly zygomorphic flowers single terminal style fruit a schizocarp of 1-seeded mericarps OR a drupe

  36. Asterids LAMIIDS D. Order Solanales Convolvulaceae - Morning GloryFamily 57/1650 cosmopolitan K(5) C(5) A5 G(2), superior • herbs often twining, shrub/trees • actinomorphic flowers • milky sap • tubular, plicate (longitudinal folds) corolla

  37. Convolvulus - bindweed; wild morning glory Ipomoeabatatus - sweet potato Asterids LAMIIDS D. Order Solanales Convolvulaceae- Morning GloryFamily

  38. Asterids K(5) C(5) A5 G(2), superior LAMIIDS E. Order Solanales Solanaceae - Nightshade or Potato Family 102/2460 cosmopolitan, concentrated in S. America • actinomorphic • corolla shape variable • funnelform – • rotate – • tubular - • many alkaloids • fruit a berry or capsule or drupe

  39. Asterids LAMIIDS E. Order Solanales Solanaceae - Nightshade or Potato Family • great economic importance • tomato (Lycopersicon) • potato (Solanumtuberosum) • eggplant (S. melongena) • peppers (Capsicum) • tomatillo (Physalis) • tobacco (Nicotiana)

  40. Asterids LAMIIDS E. Order Solanales Solanaceae

  41. Asterids K5or0 C5 A5G(2), inferior CAMPANULIDS A. Order Apiales Apiaceae = Umbelliferae – carrot family 434/3780 cosmopolitan, north-temperate diversity leaves large, compound umbel (flat topped) [simple or compound] small flowers sheathing petiole (celery) schizocarp, aromatic "seeds" or mericarps oil tubes in pericarp wall epigynous

  42. F. Order Apiales Apiaceae = Umbelliferae – carrot family B. Dried fruits - referred to as spices Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) Cuminum cyminum (Cumin) Pimpinella anisum (Anise) Apium sativum (Celery seed) Carum carvi (Caraway seed) Corandrum sativum (Coriander) Anethum graveolens (Dill) Poisons Conium maculatum (Poison Hemlock) used to kill Socrates Cicuta maculata (Water Hemlock) - possibly more poisonous than Conium Asterids ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE • Food • Daucus carota (Carrots) - tap root • Pastinaca sativa (Parsnips) - tap root • Apium graveolens (Celery) - expanded leaf petiole • Flavoring • Herbage - referred to as herbs • Petroselinum crispum (Parsley) • Anthriscus cerefolium (Chervil) • Anethum graveolens (Dill) • Coriandrum sativum (Cilantro)

  43. F. Order Apiales Apiaceae Asterids poison-hemlock carrot wild fennel

  44. F. Order Apiales Apiaceae Asterids fennel

  45. Asterids K(5) C(5) A5G(2-5), inferior CAMPANULIDS B. Order Dipsacales – 7 families of Caprifoliaceaes.l. Caprifoliaceaes.s. – honeysuckle family 5/220 cosmopolitan shrubs, trees, lianas, herbs leaves opposite, simple cymose inflorescence epigynous fruit a berry or capsule Lonicera – honeysuckle Symphoricarpos– coral berry

  46. Asterids CAMPANULIDS B. Order Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae (Adoxaceae) http://blog.willowlandscapedesign.net/2007/05/the-great-viburnum-list/ Sambucus – elderberry – fruit and wine plants Viburnum – a common ornamental

  47. Asterids CAMPANULIDS B. Order Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae (Linnaeaceae – twinberry family) Carl Linnaeus in traditional garb of Lapland, holding twinflower Linnaea borealis – twin flower

  48. Asterids K0-∞(pappus) C(5) A(5) G(2), inferior C. Order Asterales Asteraceae(=Compositae)-Sunflower Family 1620/23,600 cosmopolitan • largest, most advanced dicot family (second only to Orchidaceae) • 98% herbaceous • specialized floral features • capitulum inflorescence • ray and disk flowers (florets) • involucre of phyllaries • calyx = pappus • receptacle scales (chaff or palea) • epigynous • zygomorphic ray corolla • fruit an achene • anthers (connate) into a tube

  49. Asterids • disk floret • radially symmetrical • tubular corolla • can be bilabiate C. Order Asterales Asteraceae • ray floret • have ligule of 3 calyx lobes • generally no stamens • head • radiate (disk/ray florets) • discoid (disk only) • ligulate (ligulate only) • ligulate floret • 5-lobed ligule • perfect flower

  50. Asterids C. Order Asterales Asteraceae

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