Bell Ringer – 10/28 m.socrative – Room 38178 OR Bell Ringer Card

1. Bell Ringer – 10/28m.socrative.com – Room 38178 OR Bell Ringer Card Front of the Class • QUESTION: • In the next unit, I would like to try using your devices in some new and creative ways. But first I need to know what you have. Answer the following question honestly. • Which of the following best describes your device? • Ipad • Kindle Fire • Tablet other than an Ipad or Kindle • Laptop only • Smart phone only

2. The Baroque Period NEW TAB in your binder! Introduction & Art

3. Introduction to the Baroque Period • Generally, the late 1500s through the mid to late 1600s • Started with the Scientific Revolution • Francis Bacon • Galileo Galilei • Johannes Kepler • Rene Descartes • Isaac Newton

4. The Scientific Revolution • Francis Bacon (1561-1626) • Knowledge = power • Knowledge comes with understanding the natural world • Developed the Scientific Method • Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Established a mathematical approach to discovery • Built the first astronomical telescope • Observed the mountains on the moon, sunspots, the rings of Saturn, the moons of Jupiter, and the composition of the Milky Way • The church OBJECTED his conclusions and experiments and arrested him in 1633. Under threat of torture, he recanted his discoveries.

5. The Scientific Revolution • Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • Three laws of planetary motion (what keeps planets in orbit) • Confirmed that the solar system was organized by mathematically determined relationships • Rene Descarte (1596-1650) • Experimental methods led to knowledge • Studied matter and how it occupied time and space • “I think, therefore I am.” • Solve problems by starting with the simplest and moving to the complex

6. The Scientific Revolution • Isaac Netwon (1642-1727) • Basically discovered gravity • 3 Laws of motion • Effectively separated science from theology

7. Philosophy • Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) • Believed that humans were driven by the fear of death and the quest for power • Argued for one ruler over the people • Wrote the Leviathan • John Locke (1632-1704) • Locke believed that humankind was good and that humans were capable of governing themselves • Believed in “self-government” • People deserved the right to choose their leaders • (believed in a government similar to what the United States would soon be found on)

8. History – The Reformation • People (such as Martin Luther) turned against the Catholic church and formed new religions like Protestantism and Lutheranism • The Catholic church, in turn, had its own reformation in response • A sort of “rebirth” of the Catholic church • No longer about spending lavishly, selling indulgences, etc. • The desire for a more spiritual, more relevant, and less worldy religion affected Catholic and Protestant alike • The gap between the two groups widened in the 1550s, attitudes became more entrenched, open conflict occurred, and differences were emphasized • Doctrine was created and made as clear as possible

9. History – The Reformation • The reformation of the Catholic church depended on a change in the papacy • Pope Paul III came to the rescue • Created the Council of Trent – met off and on for 20 years in the 1540s, 1550s, and 1560s to review doctrine • Built of bishops and theologians • The Catholic Reformation strengthened the clergy and bishops so that they had more leadership

10. History – The Reformation • Protestants put individual conscience and the Bible first; Catholics insisted that conscience and the Scriptures must be interpreted first by the church • Lots of religious based wars at this time. • Height of violence was between 1560 and 1600 • Protestant mobs vandalized Catholic cathedrals, tortured and burned at the stake anyone deemed heretical • Martin Luther approved of the execution of extremist Anabaptists • The ended when the Protestants and Catholics ultimately burnt themselves out

11. Baroque Painting Caravaggio, Rembrandt, & Vermeer

12. Painting Introduction • Adopted systematic and rational composition • Ornamentation was unified through variation on a single theme • Realism was the main subject of a painting • Color was emphasized, as was the dramatic use of light and shade

13. Painting Introduction • Open compositions – eyes travel off the canvas to a wider reality • Intensely active compositions that emphasized feeling rather than form, and emotion rather than intellect • Artworks do NOT conform to a simple mold

14. Painting Introduction • Glorified the church and religious sentiment, both Catholic and Protestant • Portrayed the magnificence of secular wealth • Each artists sought to establish their own personal style • Style spread rapidly throughout the continent • 1600-1725 – visual art period

15. Caravaggio • 1569-1609 • Roman • He was jailed on several occasions, vandalized his own apartment, and ultimately had a death warrant issued for him by the Pope • In 1606 he killed a young man in a brawl and fled from Rome • Involved in several brawls across Italy • He died at the age of 38 under mysterious circumstances (supposedly a fever, his enemies very well may have killed him.)

16. Caravaggio • Chiaroscuro – shift from light to dark with little intermediate value; fixed the subject in a blinding stripe of light • Worked at a great speed from live models • Had a noteworthy ability to express in one scene of unsurpassed vividness the passing of a crucial moment

17. Caravaggio • Famous while alive, but almost immediately forgotten about when he died • In the 20th century, his importance to art was rediscovered

18. Caravaggio – The Calling of St. Matthew

19. Caravaggio –The Calling of St. Matthew • Highlight and shadow create a dramatic portrayal of the moment when the future apostle is touched by divine grace • Religious subject depicted in contemporary terms

20. Caravaggio –The Calling of St. Matthew • Expresses one of the central themes of Catholic-Reformation: that faith and grace are open to all and that spiritual understanding is a personal, and overpowering, emotional experience

21. Caravaggio – The Death of the Virgin

22. Caravaggio – The Death of the Virgin • The painter depicts real, almost common people, rather than idealized figures • Shows the corpse of the Virgin Mary, surrounded by the mourning disciples and friends of Christ • A harsh light streams across the work, emphasizing the figure of the Virgin and creating dynamic broken patterns of light and shade

23. Caravaggio – Other Artworks The Entombment of Christ The Crucifixion of St. Peter

24. Caravaggio – Other Artworks • Nativity with St. Francis and St. Lawrence • Was stolen from its frame in October 1969 • Estimated value - $20 million

25. Rembrandt • 1606-1669 • Reflected the visions and objectives of the new and wealthy middle class • Created both religious and secular artworks in this manner • Artwork is by, for, and about the middle class • The first “capitalist” artist • To him, the quality of art could be gauged by its value on the open market

26. Rembrandt • Delivered the depths of human emotion and psychology in the most dramatic terms • Rembrandt uses suggestion rather than great detail • Atmosphere, shadow, and implication create emotion • Produced over 600 paintings, nearly 400 etchings, and 2,000 drawings

27. Rembrandt – The Descent from the Cross

28. Rembrandt – The Descent from the Cross • Uses reds, golds, and red-browns (associated with richness) • Forms are evident through the changes in value • Open composition – lines escape the frame • Left arm of the cross is off the page

29. Rembrandt – The Descent from the Cross • A strong central triangle holds the composition together • Chiaroscuro – Chris is much brighter than everything around him

30. Rembrandt – The Night Watch

31. Rembrandt – The Night Watch • Group portrait of a military unit • Portrayed on duty (not common practice) • A scene of great vigor and dramatic intensity • Presents a celebration of chaos

32. Rembrandt – The Night Watch • Some figures fade into the shadows • Other figures are hidden by the gestures of those placed in front of them • Light is used for dramatic purposes only (no natural light source) • The viewer is invited to share in an emotional experience, rather than observe it

33. Rembrandt – Other Artworks The Abduction of Europa

34. Rembrandt – Other Artworks The Storm on the Sea of Galilee • Depicts the miracle of Jesus calming the storm on the Sea of Galilee • Was stolen in 1990 • Rembrandt’s only seascape

35. Vermeer • 1632-1675 • Masterful control of light and shade • Takes chiaroscuro and develops strong value contrasts that are emotional and compositional as well. • Mostly secular works

36. Vermeer – The Girl with the Red Hat • Highlights establish a basic compositional triangle extending from the shoulder to cheek, down to the hand, and across the sleeve back to the shoulder. • A red flare encircles the subject’s face with a feathery halo • Draws our attention NOT to the hat, but to the eyes and mouth

37. Vermeer – Girl with the Pearl Earring • Most famous work • The pearl earring is the focal point • The dark background was initially green

38. Baroque Sculpture

39. Baroque Sculpture • Forms and space were charged with energy • Sculpture directed the viewer’s vision and inward and invited participation rather than observation • Feeling was the focus • Treated space like a painting – meant to describe a SCENE rather than a single form

40. Gian Lorenzo Bernini • 1598-1680 • Sculptor, Architect, and Stage Designer • Created the Baroque style in sculpture • Considered the setting figures were situated in • Mostly religious works

41. Gian Lorenzo Bernini - David • Power and Action • Curls to unleash the stone from his sling (to hit Goliath) • Goliath is outside the sculpture itself – “open” • Viewer is propelled outward because of his concentrated expression

42. Gian Lorenzo Bernini - David • The viewer participates emotionally and feels the drama • Seems to flex and contract with the action – as opposed to Michelangelo’s giant still version

43. Gian Lorenzo Bernini – Ecstasy of St. Theresa • Represents an experience described by St. Theresa – an angel pierced her heart with a golden flaming arrow • “The pain was so great that I screamed aloud; but at the same time I felt such infinite sweetness that I wished the pain to last forever.”

44. Gian Lorenzo Bernini – Ecstasy of St. Theresa • 11 feet tall • Every aspect of the work suggests motion • Draperies are hit by an imaginary wind • Forces the viewer’s involvement in an overwhelming emotional and religious experience