1 / 25

GROWTH OF INDUSTRY 1865-1900

GROWTH OF INDUSTRY 1865-1900. RAILROADS. 1865-35,000 miles of track 1900-193,000 miles of track Greatest impact on economy Encouraged mass production, mass consumption, & specialization Creates time zones Creation of modern stockholder corporation. RAILROADS. Early building-local lines

chana
Download Presentation

GROWTH OF INDUSTRY 1865-1900

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. GROWTH OF INDUSTRY1865-1900

  2. RAILROADS • 1865-35,000 miles of track • 1900-193,000 miles of track • Greatest impact on economy • Encouraged mass production, mass consumption, & specialization • Creates time zones • Creation of modern stockholder corporation

  3. RAILROADS • Early building-local lines • Resulted in incompatible equipment • Age of railroad coincides with settlement of the frontier • Linking east & west creates a national market • Federal government provides loans & land grants to private railroad companies • Hasty & poor construction • Corruption-Credit Mobilier

  4. RAILROADS • First Transcontinental Railroad • Link CA with rest of nation • Work divided between two railroad companies • Union Pacific-start from Omaha, NE, build west • Central Pacific-start from Sacramento, CA-build east • Labor • Union Pacific-Civil War vets & Irish • Central Pacific-Chinese • May 10th, 1869-Promontory Point, UT • Golden spikes

  5. RAILROADS • Four other transcontinental railroads • New Orleans to Los Angeles (1883) • Kansas City to Los Angeles (1883) • Duluth, MN to Seattle, WA (1883) • St. Paul, MN to Seattle, WA (1893) • Only one built without government subsidies

  6. TECHNOLOGY • 1867-typewriter (Christopher Shoales) • 1876-telephone (Alexander G. Bell) • 1879-Cash register • 1884-fountain pen • 1888-adding machine & Kodak camera • Greatest inventors of 19th century • Thomas Edison • George Westinghouse

  7. CONSUMPTION • New ways for businesses to sell products • Large Department stores • RH Macy-New York • Marshall Fields-Chicago • “Give the lady what she wants” • Neighborhood discount stores • Frank Woolworth

  8. CONSUMPTION • Mail order catalogues • Sears Roebuck • Pre-packaged foods • Kellogg & Post • Refrigerated railroad cars

  9. INDUSTRIAL EMPIRES • Shift in industrial production from textiles to heavy industry • Production of steel, petroleum, electric power, & machinery • New forms of business-monopolies • John D. Rockefeller-Standard Oil (trust/horizontal integration) • Andrew Carnegie-US Steel (Holding Company/vertical integration) • JP Morgan-banking (Interlocking Directorate)

  10. INDUSTRIAL EMPIRES • Anti-trust movement • Give power back to consumers • Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890) • “prohibited any contract, combination or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce.” • Too vague-did not stop monopolies • Hard to enforce • Social Darwinism • Darwin’s theory of natural selection • 10% of the population controlled 9/10th of nation’s wealth • Horatio Alger theory • “Rags to Riches” stories • Hard work & honesty leads to wealth

  11. LABOR • By 1900-2/3rd of Americans working • 10 hours a day • 6 days a week • Wages determined by employers • In 1890, most families earned less than $380 a year

  12. LABOR • Biggest change of time-working women • 1 out of 5 worked • Most young & single • Most in the textile, garment, or food processing industries • New inventions led to new occupations • Secretaries, book keepers, typists, & telephone operators

  13. LABOR • Changes in factory work • Highly structured • Regulated to increase productivity • Repetitive • Very dangerous-especially for children • Huge turnover • Workers easily replaced

  14. LABOR • Management held all the power • Only protests-absenteeism & quitting • Formed first unions • Employers created techniques to discourage workers from joining unions • Lockout • Blacklist • Yellow Dog Contract • Private detectives • “Pinkertons” • Court injunctions

  15. UNIONS • National Labor Union (1866) • First attempt to organize all workers • 640,000 members by 1868 • Wanted 8 hour day & equal rights for women and African-Americans • Lost support after Railroad strike of 1877 & the creation of the Knights of Labor

  16. UNIONS • Great Railroad Strike (1877) • Panic of 1876-railroad cut wages • Strike spreads across county • Shut down 2/3rd of nation’s railroads • Pres. Hayes used troops to end strike • 100 people killed

  17. UNIONS • Knights of Labor (1869) • All workers • Used political activity, education, & arbitration • More success with strikes • Downfall due to Haymarket Affair & Creation of the American Federation of Labor

  18. UNIONS • Haymarket Affair (1886) • Union rally-against police actions • Ends with 10 workers dead & hundreds injured

  19. UNIONS • American Federation of Labor (1886)-Samuel Gompers • Skilled workers only • Excluded women & African-Americans • Believed in supporting candidates & collective bargaining • Helped raise the weekly wage and the average work week decreased • But only for skilled workers • 30% of population

  20. UNIONS • American Railway Union (1893) • Eugene Debs • All railroad workers, except Chinese & African-Americans • Believed in strikes & violent protests • Downfall due to Pullman strike

  21. UNIONS • Pullman strike (1894) • Cut wages & fired Union leader who brought demands to management • Boycott of Pullman cars • Pullman links cars with federal mail cars • Pres. Cleveland orders boycott to end • Union leaders jailed-strike ends

  22. UNIONS • By 1900-Only 3% of workers belonged to a union • Industrial Workers of the World (1905) • “Big Bill” Haywood • Unskilled workers • Concentrated in the west • Radical & violent • Very successful, but WWI begins and conditions improve • Proved unskilled workers could organize

More Related