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WELCOME

WELCOME. Implementing Peace Operations Presented by Brigadier General (Ret’d) Robin Gagnon robin.gagnon@sympatico.ca. PRESENTATION OUTLINE. A new era for Peace Operations New military roles A different reality is now emerging Military needs

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WELCOME

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  1. WELCOME Implementing Peace Operations Presented by Brigadier General (Ret’d) Robin Gagnon robin.gagnon@sympatico.ca

  2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE A new era for Peace Operations New military roles A different reality is now emerging Military needs How contributing nations define their options Roles of the Force Commander Command and Control structures A typical Commander’s challenge

  3. PEACE OPERATIONSA NEW ERA The Military no longer owns the ‘’battlefield’’ Military and nation-building operations are no longer sequential. They now overlap The military cannot produce the end-state. All it can do is to create the conditions on which peace has to be built Civilian and military activities need to be synchronized Neutrality and consent are no longer absolute concepts Belligerents include non-state actors Civilian populations have become a target of choice

  4. PEACE OPERATIONSA NEW ERA In addition to maintaining peace and security, peacekeepers are increasingly charged with assisting in political processes, reforming justice systems, training law-enforcement and police forces, and disarming former combatants. UNNY / DPKO September 2006

  5. PEACE OPERATIONSA NEW ERA The risk To loose public support The challenge Avoid a spiral by which harsh living conditions fuel instability

  6. PEACE OPERATIONSA NEW ERA “(The Security Council) emphasizes that the biggest deterrent to violent conflict is addressing the root causes of conflict” UNSC 1327 14 Nov 2000

  7. NEW MILITARY ROLES RolesPrimarySupporting Security & Stability X Disarmament & Demobilization X Training & Professionalization X Reconstruction X * X Humanitarian Ops X * X Electoral Ops X * By exception

  8. UN PEACEKEEPING DOCTRINE Article 121 The first months after a ceasefire or peace accord are often the most critical for establishing a stable peace and bolstering the credibility of a new operation. Opportunities lost during this period are hard to regain. Novembre 2007 Edition

  9. CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITHCIVIL-MILITARY SYNERGY Toronto Star Editorial People in Kandahar, where Canadian troops are fighting Taliban insurgents, should not have to wait months or years for a health station or a well. The message that sends is that things are no better than before. That plays into the insurgents' hands. 24 January 2008

  10. THE EMERGENCEOF A NEW REALITY Military and nation-building campaigns can no longer be executed in parallel. They must be embedded into a comprehensive plan. To synchronize the following lines of operations is a huge challenge: Military Diplomatic Humanitarian Socio-economics Judicial / Police

  11. MILITARY EXPECTATIONS Clear mandate * Clear political guidances * Clear end-state Means compatible with the ends * Joint military & political planning * Unity of efforts (3xD / UN / NGOs) Robust intelligence * Robust rules of engagement* * Brahimi Report, UNSC 1723

  12. CIVIL-MILITARY SYNERGYA CHALLENGING TASK ‘‘’That’s why US Secretary of Defense … is right when he calls for the non-military agencies to get their act together in the battle for hearts and minds. He has presided over an expansion of the military’s role … out of frustration to fill the vacuum not filled by other agencies.’’ W. Arkin, Washington Post, 25 jan 2008

  13. PRESENTATION OUTLINE A new Peace Operations environment New military roles An new reality is now emerging Military needs How contributing nations define their options Roles of the Force Commander Command and Control structures A typical Commander’s challenge

  14. CONTRIBUTING NATIONSDEFINING THEIR OPTIONS Determinants Domestic considerations Foreign policy National interests Values and attitudes Diplomatic bargaining Media and public pressures Economic and financial considerations

  15. CONTRIBUTING NATIONSDEFINING THEIR OPTIONS Dependant on which determinants are at play, it has often been seen that the military contribution does not coincide harmoniously with in-theatre geopolitical and military requirements, such as: Force structures Rules of engagement National caveats Mission objectives and duration

  16. CANADA’s FOREIGN & DEFENCE POLICIESENDURING THEMES Themes: Protecting our own security Protecting our own prosperity Protecting and projecting Canadian values Fundamental correlation: Canada’s security and prosperity are influenced by global stability

  17. MISSION DURATIONTWO CONCEPTS End-State or End-Date ? End-State: Does aim at shaping the outcome of a conflict End-Date: Dwells on participating more than on shaping the outcome

  18. RESOLUTION / UNSCR 1123 The Security Council decides … to establish the United Nations Transition Force in Haiti… in order to assist the Government of Haiti by supporting and contributing to the professionalization of the Haitian National Police … The Security Council decides that the security element of UNTMIH, under the authority of the Force Commander, will ensure the safety and freedom of movement of those United Nations Personnel implementing the mandate ...

  19. PRESENTATION OUTLINE A new Peace Operations environment New military roles An new reality is now emerging Military needs How contributing nations define their options Roles of the Force Commander Command and Control structures A typical Commander’s challenge

  20. FORCE COMMANDER’s ROLES Primary: To design and execute a military response to a crisis which is compatible with geopolitical realities Secondary: Advise strategic authorities on military affairs Support non-military lines of activities

  21. FORCE COMMANDER’S ROLE Accountability Framework Accountable to:Responsive to: SRSGLead Nation UNNY Contributing Nations Host Nations Diplomaticcommunity UN community Humanitariancommunity Own National authorities

  22. CONTROL STRUCTURES Two Models Uni-nationalInternational Albania (FMP) 1997 (IT) Haiti 1997 (UN) East Timor 1999 (AUS) Kosovo 1999 (NATO) Afghanistan 2001-05 (USA) Macedonia 2003 (EU) Sudan 2007-09 (AU/UN)

  23. LEAD NATION CONCEPT Generic Tasks Provide the backbone of the Force structure Co-ordinate theatre level services (medical, logistics …) Contribute financially to the mission Establish theatre level MOUs with Host Nations Exercise mission leadership: - Military - Political

  24. LEAD NATION CONCEPT The Lead nation concept should be restricted to the Uni-National Control model The issue: The Lead nation interferes with political control owned by an international organization Consequences: Risks of duplication of authority Risks of duplication of accountability Risks fo friction, confusion and lack of cohérence

  25. LEAD NATION CONCEPT The European Distinction Political DirectionMilitary Direction Lead Nation X X Framework Nation X

  26. MANDATE INTERPRETATION LONG TERM OBJECTIVES To achieve a level of political stability conducive to nation building To assist the Government of Haiti (GOH) in developing its institutions; To assist the GOH in the conception and the implementation of a long term socio-economic development plan.

  27. MANDATE INTERPRETATION SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES Explicit. To assist the GOH in developing an efficient and responsible national police force Implicit. To assist in the maintenance of the the stability achieved through previous missions, within the parameters of approved ROEs

  28. HAITI 1997 MILITARY END-STATE The military end-state will be achieved when all forms of security tasks will have ceased without prejudice to the stability of Haiti

  29. HAITI 1997 RULES OF ENGAGEMENT To protect mission members To enforce freedom of movement To protect mission critical equipment To protect designated persons To protect any human being (non UN)

  30. HAITI 1997 THE ISSUES To protect designated persons To protect any human being (non UN) To protect mission critical equipment Mandate interpretation – Security and Stability

  31. IN RETROSPECT ActorsSuccessFailure Defence X Dévelopment X Consequences: Back to square one !

  32. CONCLUSION There are no military solutions Military missions must always be embedded into a long term comprehensive strategic plan Synergy among various actors (3 x D) is vital to mission success A strategic plan which remains short of eliminating the root causes of a conflict is an ill-conceived plan robin.gagnon@sympatico.ca

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