Causes of the Reformation

1. Causes of the Reformation • Renaissance • Values • Printing Press & Vernacular • Powerful Monarchs • People were unhappy with the Church • Corruption

2. Abuses in the Church • Church charged fees for services: • marriages, funerals, and baptisms • To raise money to support their lifestyle • Simony • Selling of Church offices • Marriage of Priests • Salvation through ---- Indulgences

3. Indulgences • $$ ppl paid to priests • decreased their soul’s time in purgatory • Released a sinner from performing a penalty for sins • A pardon • John Tetzel • He offered indulgences to anyone who contributed money for rebuilding the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. • not only to living people but for their dead relatives as well

4. Early Critics • John Wycliffe & Jan Hus • Denied pope had worldly power • Bible had more power than Church leaders

5. Questions • What are indulgences? • Who is John Tetzel? • Predict which of the reasons for the Reformation will cause Luther to protest.

6. Protestant Reformation: Luther Challenges the Church

7. Background… • rough childhood • His parents were peasants • His parents were cruel • The storm that changed Luther’s life • Luther devotes his life to the church • Wants to be a good Christian • Unhappy with the church

8. Luther the Monk • Luther spent every waking hour trying to earn his way into heaven • The harder Luther worked, the more he became disillusioned by the demands of the church

9. Problems With the Church? • Popes became very rich • Popes were involved in wars • Many priests & monks were poorly educated • No German Bibles • Many also had wives & children!

10. Luther Challenges the Church • Luther became upset • Problems in church & Johann Tetzel • Luther’s response: • The 95 Thesis • This starts the Reformation

11. 95 Theses • Nails to Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany • Major Points • Bible Alone • Bible is Ultimate Authority • Faith alone • Salvation only attained by faith • All are equal • All believers are equal under god

12. Called for Modifications • Rejected 5 of 7 sacraments, not in the Bible • Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, prayers to saints • Allow clergy to marry

13. Luther’s Response at Worms • I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I cannot do otherwise, here I stand, may God help me. Amen. • Go over Video Clip

14. Response of the Church • Pope Leo issued a decree • Threaten excommunication • Luther refuses to recant • Luther excommunicated • Though Luther was excommunicated; his ideas still spread. How?

15. Holy Roman Emperor • Charles V • Devout Catholic • Diet at Worms • Ordered Luther to trial • Luther refused to recant • Edict of Worms

16. Edit of Worms • Charles declared Luther an outlaw & heretic • What does this mean for Luther? • What happened to Luther after the trial? • Some princes helped him • Luther’s followers became known as • Lutherans • Anyone that protested against the Catholic Church become known as • Protestants

17. Peasant Revolts • Unhappy • Wanted reform like Luther • Social & Economic • End Serfdom • Peasants Revolt • Luther upset • Revolt is not how to do things • Princes’ armies crush revolt, told by Luther • Peasants reject Luther

18. German Princes • German Princes • Some shared beliefs • Some want land back • From Charles V • Others remained loyal to the Pope • War with Charles V • Charles V tried to force Lutheran princes back into the Catholic Church • Protestants vs. Catholics • Peace of Augsburg

19. Peace of Augsburg • (1555) Peace of Augsburg allowed princes to decide the religion of their land: • Catholic or Lutheran • Most northern states: Lutheran • Southern states: Catholic

20. Henry VIII Breaks With the Church

21. Henry’s Background • Became king of England at age 18 • Henry was loyal to the church • Henry criticized Luther • “Limb of the Devil” • The Pope called Henry VIII • “Defender of the Faith”

22. Cause of the Reformation in England • PROBLEM!!! • Feared a civil war after his death • Henry needed an heir • Henry & Catherine of Aragon had one child: • Mary ~ no woman had ever successfully claimed the throne • Henry and Catherine’s five other children had all died at birth

23. Henry’s Solution?A new wife! • Henry thought his wife was the problem (Genes??) • He wanted to marry another woman: Anne Boleyn • The problem? • The Pope was under the influence of Charles V • Catherine’s cousin • He would not grant the divorce

24. Henry’s Plan B?Separate From the Church! • Henry asked Parliament to strip the Pope of his power over England • The Act of Supremacy • This act declared the king the head of the Church in England • Parliament then gave Henry his divorce • He married Anne Boleyn

25. Plan C? • Anne Boleyn • Gave birth to a daughter ~ Elizabeth • What was Henry to do? • Charge her w/treason • Have her beheaded • Jane Seymour • Gave him a son~ Edward • She died and he married 3 more times • No more children

26. Catherine of Aragon (Divorced) Anne Boleyn (Beheaded) Jane Seymour (Died) Anne of Cleves (Divorced) Catherine Howard (Beheaded) Catherine Parr(Survived)

27. Effects of the Reformation in England • Religious Turmoil • Edward ~ guided by devout Protestants • Introduced protestant reforms to England • Mary ~ Catholic • Returned the English Church to the rule of the pope • Violence – “Bloody Mary” • Not everyone wanted to return to the Catholic Church • She had many Protestants killed

28. Elizabeth • Establishes the Church of England ~Anglican Church • No Pope – Elizabeth • Only legal church in England • For Protestants • Priests allowed to marry • Sermons in English • For Catholics • Kept things like rich robes • Revised the services

29. New Religions& The Spread of the Reformation

30. Roman Catholic • Pope is head of Church • Canon Law • Salvation by indulgences • Priest interprets Bible for everyone

31. Protestant • Anabaptism: • a member of a 16th-century Protestant movement promoting the doctrine of adult baptism on the grounds that only adults can accept and declare their faith on their own behalf

32. Lutheran • Martin Luther: Germany • Bible is word of God • All believers are equal • Believers interpret bible • Salvation attained by faith alone

33. Anglican • Henry VIII • Church of England • English Monarch head of Church • Salvation by faith • Bible source of revealed truth • Believers interpret Bible w/ tradition and reason

34. John Calvin • Follower of Luther • Studied law & philosophy in Fr. • Fled to Switz. to avoid persecution The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) • Summary of Protestant philosophy • Influential in spreading Protestant beliefs

35. Calvin’s Main Ideas • Predestination • People naturally sinful • God would select a “chosen few” to be free of sin • How is this different from Luther’s ideas? • Theocracy: • Government controlled by religious leaders • The chosen ones would rule in society and glorify god • Salvation reached through faith alone • Bible only source of truth

36. Calvin’s Geneva • Calvin & his followers ran the city • Fines and other punishments for fighting, swearing, laughing in church, or dancing. Closed theatres, no elaborate dress • Those who broke the rules • Imprisoned, excommunicated, banished • If you preached different doctrines • Might be burned at the stake

37. John Knox • Knox visited Geneva • Knox brought Protestantism to Scotland • Knox established Protestant communities • governed by a small group of elders • Presbyters (Presbyterians)

38. Protestant Churches Spread • French Calvinists = Huguenots • Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Scotland, England were all dominated by Protestants by the end of the 1500s

39. The Counter-Reformation

40. Ignatius • A Catholic from Spain • Injured in battle with the French • During recovery, thought about his relationship with god • Spiritual Exercises • Day-by-day plan for prayer and study • Believed they cleansed his soul • Founded the Society of Jesus • Jesuits

41. The Three Activities of the Jesuits • Created schools where priests were well educated • Converted non-Christians • Devoted to stopping the spread of Protestantism

42. Reform of the Church • Goals: • Strengthen the Catholic Church • Combat Protestantism • Popes took action to fix problems w/in the church • Investigated simony, indulgences, and other abuses in the church • Called Council of Trent into session

43. The Council of Trent • The Pope’s interpretation of the Bible was final. • Those who disagreed were heretics • Christians were not saved by faith alone • It was faith and good deeds • The Bible and Church shared equal authority • Indulgences, pilgrimages and other church practices were acceptable