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Circulatory System Issues

Circulatory System Issues. Coronary Complaints, Conditions, and Calamities!. Circulatory System Components. Recall that the vertebrate circulatory system is composed of three parts: Blood Blood Vessels Heart As you may have guessed, a lot can go wrong! Let’s have a look…. A. Heart Murmur.

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Circulatory System Issues

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  1. Circulatory System Issues Coronary Complaints, Conditions, and Calamities!

  2. Circulatory System Components • Recall that the vertebrate circulatory system is composed of three parts: • Blood • Blood Vessels • Heart • As you may have guessed, a lot can go wrong! Let’s have a look…

  3. A. Heart Murmur • Murmurs are extra heart sounds that are produced as a result of turbulent blood flow that is sufficient to produce audible noise. • Graded 1-6 based on audibility and palpability

  4. B. Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) • Interruption of blood supply to part of the heart • Causes heart cells to die • Symptoms include chest pain (typically radiating to the left arm or left side of the neck), shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and anxiety (often described as a sense of impending doom) • Most often due to blockage of a coronary artery

  5. Surgery to Treat Coronary Blockage • Coronary bypass surgery (double, triple, etc. tells how many arteries are being “bypassed”) • Vessels are usually harvested from the legs to create the bypass

  6. Human Dissection Lab • Coronary artery by-pass surgery is used to provide circulation to the heart when one or more of the coronary arteries becomes occluded. In this case, three separate grafts were stitched to the ascending aorta to provide adequate circulation to the ventricular walls.

  7. Heart-Lung Machine (HLM) • a form of extra-corporeal (“out of body”) circulation • temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery • maintains the circulation of blood and the oxygen content of the body • operated by perfusionists

  8. C. Stroke • Loss of crucial function of the brain because of: • blockage of a blood vessel (Ischemic stroke) • or rupture of a blood vessel (Hemorrhagic stroke) • Brain cells die due to lack of oxygen • Can lead to: • paralysis • loss of ability to speak • death • range in severity from mild with full recovery, to massive and fatal • second most common cause of death • among the leading causes of permanent disability worldwide • Risk factors: hypertension, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol

  9. Ischemic Stroke • Blood clot stops the flow of blood to an area of the brain

  10. Hemorrhagic Stroke • Blood vessel ruptures and blood leaks into the brain tissue

  11. D. Arteriosclerosis • Hardening of the arteries • Artery walls thicken and lose elasticity over time due to several causes • build-up of calcium deposits on the insides of the artery walls • build-up of fatty deposits (atherosclerosis) • Sometimes blood flow is restricted to the organs and tissues • Can cause: • High blood pressure • Heart attack • Stroke • Tissue damage

  12. E. Atherosclerosis • LDL cholesterol forms fatty plaques in arteries, triggering inflammation • The immune system forms a hard cap over the plaque, partially blocking the artery • Caps can rupture, creating clots that can close off an artery

  13. F. Hypertension • High blood pressure • Arteries are not as elastic as they should be - heart works harder than necessary • Increases risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure • Shortened life expectancy • Treatment includes medication, dietary and lifestyle changes

  14. Blood Pressure Measurement • Systolic pressure = pressure when the heart contracts • Diastolic pressure = pressure between heart beats • Normal Pressure is 120/80

  15. Keeping Time • The sinoatrial (SA) node is nervous tissue that times heart beats • The SA node causes atria to contract, and sends the signal to the atrioventricular (AV) node to signal the ventricles to contract

  16. Artificial Pacemaker • a medical device which uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes contacting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the heart • used to treat arrhythmias - problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat • during an arrhythmia, the heart can beat too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm

  17. Pacemaker Surgery

  18. G. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning • Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic gas, but is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and non-irritating • Binds with hemoglobin at 200X affinity of oxygen • Inhaling even relatively small amounts of the gas can lead to hypoxic injury, neurological damage, and even death • Symptoms include drowsiness, confusion, dizziness, and headache • Treatment involves administering 100% oxygen and/or providing hyperbaric oxygen therapy

  19. Carboxyhemoglobin • Hemoglobin acquires a cherry red color when converted into carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) • CO binds with the heme groups and displaces oxygen

  20. H. Varicose Veins • swollen veins that can be seen through the skin • they often look blue, bulging, and twisted • Besides cosmetic problems, varicose veins are often painful, especially when standing or walking • Factors: heredity, pregnancy, obesity, menopause, aging, prolonged standing, leg injury and abdominal straining

  21. Varicose Veins

  22. The End! HW: Read p. 639-645 and prepare your pre-lab for the fetal pig dissection.

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