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Papal Reform Movement: Conflict and Compromise in the 11th Century

This article explores the Papal Reform Movement that started in the mid-11th century, including the investiture conflict, the schism between the Roman and Greek Orthodox Churches, and the dispute over lay investiture of bishops. It also examines the role of key individuals such as Emperor Henry III and Pope Gregory VII, as well as the involvement of the Normans in the conflict. The article highlights the compromises reached with the English and French kings and the eventual resolution with the Concordat of Worms.

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Papal Reform Movement: Conflict and Compromise in the 11th Century

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  1. Papal reform movement, starting mid-11th c. 1046 Emperor Henry III (r. 1039-56) takes control of papacy 1049-54 Pontificate of Leo IX clerical marriage simony cardinals 1054 Schism between Roman and Greek Orthodox Churches

  2. Investiture Conflict/Investiture Controversy/ Papal Revolution Dispute over lay investiture of bishops 1059 Church council at Rome entrusts election of popes to cardinals. Nicholas II (p. 1059- 61) makes alliance with Normans 1056-1106 Reign of Henry IV as German emperor

  3. 1073 Cardinal Hildebrand becomes Pope Gregory VII (p. 1073-86) Feb 1075 Gregory issues decree against lay investiture and Dictatus Papae. Conflict with Henry IV follows Feb 1076 Gregory excommunicates Henry

  4. Jan 1077 Henry successfully begs pope for absolution at Canossa. German civil war follows Diet of Augsburg

  5. 1080 Gregory supports Rudolph in German civil war, but Henry defeats and kills Rudolph 1084 Henry occupies Rome, has self crowned emperor by anti-pope. Gregory takes refuge in Castel Sant’Angelo, appeals to Normans

  6. 1084 Normans come to aid of pope. Germans withdraw from Rome. Normans loot Rome then withdraw, taking Gregory with them. He dies soon after in 1086. 1088-99 Pontificate of Urban II, who re-asserts Gregory’s points 1107 First compromise reached with English king. Compromise with France follows 1106-25 Reign of Henry V as German emperor

  7. 1099-1118 Pontificate of Paschal II 1106-25 Reign of Henry V as German emperor 1111 Henry occupies Rome, but no permanent solution reached 1122 Henry and Calixtus II (p. 1119-24) agree Concordat of Worms papal legates

  8. Pope Cardinals Archbishops/Bishops Cathedral Canons, incl. Dean, Chancellor, Treasurer, Precentor Archdeacons (usually 4 archdeaconries/diocese) Rural Deans Village Priests + Minor Orders

  9. 1084 Bruno, former master of cathedral school at Reims, founds first Carthusian monastery, La Grande Chartreuse 1098 Robert of Molesme founds abbey at Citeaux 1113 30 noblemen, incl. one called Bernard, join the abbey

  10. St Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) lay brothers oblates

  11. Map Link: Clunaic and Cistercian monasteries in Europe c. 1200-1300: <http://www.indiana.edu/~dmdhist/image003.gif>

  12. c. 1100 Appearance of Augustinian Canons 1120 Foundation of Order of Premonstratensian Canons Fontevrault Abbey (bt 1110-19)

  13. Cathari/Albigensians Albi Good spirit vs. evil matter Manicheanism (3rd c.) Bogimils (10th-11th c.) perfecti credentes consolamentum

  14. Persecution of: homosexuals (by 12th c.) lepers Jews (renewal of attacks, from 11th c.; blood libel from mid-12th c.)

  15. Albert of Aix/Aachen Based in Aix-la-Chapelle/Aachen Contemporary of First Crusade Wrote Historia Iherosolimitana

  16. Ekkehard of Aura (d. after 1125) Benedictine monk, chronicler of First Crusade and events of time and after On crusade 1100-1102 Afterwards abbot of monastery of Aura in Bavaria Chronicon Universale written gradually btw 1103 and 1125

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