How has the Penrhyn Strike of 1900-3 been interpreted?

1. How has the Penrhyn Strike of 1900-3 been interpreted? What different interpretations exist on who was responsible for the Penrhyn Strike? Was Lord Penrhyn to blame or were the quarryment responsible for prolonging the strike? These are questions that you will be able to answer after the completion of this task. Click icons to: End PPT Advance to next slide Advance to source material Click for help Source A

2. How has the Penrhyn Strike been interpreted? So what are you expected to do? Write descriptions of differing interpretations of the causes of the Penrhyn Strike. What I’m Looking For Give an explanation of why different historical interpretations might be produced. Use appropriate dates and historical terms. Click to reveal Suitably structure your work.

3. How has the Penrhyn Strike been interpreted? What is the task? Study sources A and B: how and why do they give contrasting opinions of who was responsible for the Penrhyn Strike? Describe how the interpretations differ and give reasons to explain why they might is. Click to reveal Click to reveal Source A Source B

4. Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penryhn Strike? Lord Penrhyn was as stubborn as a mule. He said that he expected all his workers to be loyal and obedient to him. He refused to budge an inch ... On 11th June 1901, Lord Penrhyn rode on horseback to the quarry and gave each worker a gold sovereign. Those who were still on strike called it Punt y Gynffon('The Traitor's Pound'). When was the source written? What might have influenced the author? Who is the author? What do they do? [Professor Geraint H. Jenkins, a Welsh historian, writing in a general history of Wales, Wales: Yesterday and Today (1990)] Source A Source B What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced?

5. Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike? D.R. Daniel (the union organiser) urged the men not to talk to the blacklegs... To be sure of identification and so that maximum pressure could be brought to bear, cards were issued to all strikers' homes bearing the slogan Nidoesbradwryn y tyhwn('There is no traitor in this house'). Most of the cards were to hang in Bethesda windows for over two years. When was the source written? What might have influenced the author? Who is the author? What do they do? [From a book by academic historian, R. Merfyn Jones, The North Wales Quarrymen 1874-1922 (1982). Jones was a specialist in Welsh history.] Source A Source B What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced?

6. Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike? Lord Penrhyn was as stubborn as a mule. He said that he expected all his workers to be loyal and obedient to him. He refused to budge an inch ... On 11th June 1901, Lord Penrhyn rode on horseback to the quarry and gave each worker a gold sovereign. Those who were still on strike called it Punt y Gynffon('The Traitor's Pound'). Lord Penrhyn HELP Punt y Gynffon What does the writer believe about Lord Penrhyn? What evidence is there to suggest Lord Penrhyn was responsible for the strike? Record your ideas Source A

7. Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike? Read the information below to help you understand more about Lord Penrhyn. George Sholto Douglas-Pennant George was son of colonel Edward Douglas Pennant. The Pennant family owned the Penrhyn estate and controlled the Penrhyn Quarry. George was Conservative MP for Caernarvonshire between 1866 and 1868 and 1874 and 1880, and succeeded his father in the title of Lord Penrhyn in 1886. As Lord Penrhyn he ended the minimum wage agreement and did much to reduce the power of the Quarrymen’s Union at the Penrhyn Quarry. He believed that unions were a threat to profits. Caricature of Lord Penrhyn. Caption reads “Slate.”Source: Wikimedia Commons

8. Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike? “Punt y Gynffon” Lord Penrhyn gave those who returned to work a gold sovereign. A sovereign was worth the equivalent of a pound. In 1902 workers earned on average £1.40 a week. i A Gold Sovereign from 1910Source: Wikimedia Commons

9. Who is the author? What do they do? [Professor Geraint H. Jenkins, a Welsh historian, writing in a general history of Wales, Wales: Yesterday and Today (1990)] HELP What can you learn about the author? Professor Means he was an expert in the history of Wales and would have studied the events. Means he studies and teaches history as he is employed by a university to do so. A book of Welsh history that only touches upon events and does not go in to great detail. Means he was an expert in the history of Wales and would have studied the events. Welsh historian General history of Wales Means he studies and teaches history as he is employed by a university to do so. A book of Welsh history that only touches upon events and does not go in to great detail. Click the tabs to match the terms on the left with an explanation on the right. Answers Source A

10. When was the source written? What might have influenced the author? [Professor Geraint H. Jenkins, a Welsh historian, writing in a general history of Wales, Wales: Yesterday and Today (1990)] HELP Why might the date be important? Written after many strikes in Wales when many blamed the Government and wealthy for causing them. Jenkins was a lecturer at the University of Aberystwyth and was from the town. Jenkins had not lived through the strike so knew little of the events. The author may have been influenced by those in Bethesda who still blamed Penrhyn for the strike. Written long after the events so is less reliable. By this time Jenkins was a well established historian who had a major interest in Welsh history. True False Answers Source A Click on the tabs to change to the correct colour.

11. What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced? [Professor Geraint H. Jenkins, a Welsh historian, writing in a general history of Wales, Wales: Yesterday and Today (1990)] What types of evidence might have been looked at? Lord Penrhyn wrote to other employers telling of his intentions to destroy the union and how he would not give up. Letters of Lord Penrhyn. The 2nd Lord Penrhyn died in 1907 so Jenkins would not have been able to talk to him. Interviews with Lord Penrhyn. Many of them were bitter and blamed Penrhyn for causing the strike. Accounts given by the strikers. There song sheets and concert programmes to raise money for the strikers. Materials produced by the strikers to prolong the strike. Click on the statements that you believe to be true. Source A

12. Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike? D.R. Daniel (the union organiser) urged the men not to talk to the blacklegs... To be sure of identification and so that maximum pressure could be brought to bear, cards were issued to all strikers' homes bearing the slogan Nidoesbradwryn y tyhwn('There is no traitor in this house'). Most of the cards were to hang in Bethesda windows for over two years. D.R. Daniels HELP Nidoes bradwr What does the writer believe about union leader D.R.Daniels? What evidence is used by the writer to support their view? Source B

13. Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike? Read the information below to find out more information about the union leader D. R. Daniels. David Robert Daniel (1859-1931) Daniel was born at Llandderfel and had no quarrying links. He was educated at the Grammar School, in Bala and the Independent College. He was appointed assistant organiser for the United Kingdom Temperance Movement in North Wales. He was heavily involved in T.E. Ellis's election as Liberal M.P for Meirionydd in 1886. The following year he moved to Y Ffor, near Pwllheli, entering local politics in 1895. He was appointed Organiser to the N.W.Q.U. soon the following year. After serving on Caernarfonshire County Council he joined the civil service. Lord Penrhyn standing behind a soldier, facing a worker carrying a stick whilst D.R. Daniel the Union Organiser stands behind him.  Source: Gwynedd Archives

14. Describe the interpretation. What does the source tell me about the Penrhyn Strike? “There is no traitor in this house.” Those who stayed on strike put a sign in the window making it known that 'Nid oes BRADWR yn y ty hwn'. 'There is no TRAITOR in this house.’ This was to show they were still for the strike and unwilling to take Lord Penrhyn’s gold sovereign. Read the information below and to try and help you understand the views of the soldiers after the Battle of the Somme in 1916. i A sign in the window of No 2 Fron Haul, BethesdaSource: Wikimedia Commons

15. Who is the author? What do they do? [From a book by academic historian, R. Merfyn Jones, The North Wales Quarrymen 1874-1922 (1982). Jones was a specialist in Welsh history.] HELP What can you learn about the author? Book Means he was an expert in the history of Wales and would have studied the events. This is a specialist book that deals solely with the strike. It will be an in-depth study. This is a specialist book that deals solely with the strike. It will be an in-depth study. Means he studies and teaches history as he is employed by a university to do so. Academic historian Specialist in Welsh history Means he studies and teaches history as he is employed by a university to do so. Means he was an expert in the history of Wales and would have studied the events. Click the tabs to match the terms on the left with an explanation on the right. Answers Source B

16. When was the source written? What might have influenced the author? [From a book by academic historian, R. Merfyn Jones, The North Wales Quarrymen 1874-1922 (1982). Jones was a specialist in Welsh history.] HELP Why might the date be important? The author was able to study a huge variety of source material. Written over eighty years after the events so is less reliable. Appeared at time of industrial strife in Britain. Many workers were on strike. Written a long time after the events so was less emotive. Written when historians looked to consider the roles of all those involved in events. Jones had not been alive during the strike so knew little of the events. True False Answers Source B Click on the tabs to change to the correct colour.

17. What evidence may have been looked at and how might this explain how the interpretation was produced? [From a book by academic historian, R. Merfyn Jones, The North Wales Quarrymen 1874-1922 (1982). Jones was a specialist in Welsh history.] What types of evidence might have been looked at? Union leader D.R.Daniels corresponded with the Welsh newspapers in his efforts to keep the strike going. Sources produced by union leaders. Y Werin and Y Eco published d lists of men who returned to work. These were produced by the union. Welsh newspapers. Some families do not speak to one another as some chose to return to work. Descendents of those involved in the strike. Interviews with D.R.Daniel. D.R.Daniel died in 1931. Click on the statements that you believe to be true. Source B