Greening of Fleets

2. Greening of Fleets • Why use green fleets? • Reduce operating costs • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions • Improve corporate image

3. How to Implement Green Fleets • Get buy-in • Create long-term objectives • Avoid setting reduction goals in absolute numbers • Anticipate obstacles • Move slowly • Improve vehicle use • Track and report progress

4. Electric Drive Fleets • EVs = vehicles powered or assisted by electricity • Electricity is provided by grid or generated onboard • Stored in batteries • Four types of EVs (HEVs, PHEVs, BEVS, and FCEVs) • Each types serves a different purpose

5. HEV - Hybrid Electric vehicle • Most common EVs • Utilize an ICE and one or more electric motors • Motor/generator captures or produces energy Figure 1: Hybrid commercial fleet vehicles. Source: NAFTC.

6. PHEV – Plug in Electric vehicle • Most PHEVs are modified HEVs • Larger battery capacity, ability to charge their batteries by plugging in to the grid • Can operate on all electric power longer than HEV • Limited all electric range Figure 2: Toyota Prius, a popular plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. Source: NAFTC.

7. BEV – Battery Electric vehicle • Simplest EV design • Batteries, motors, drivetrain • Limited range depending upon battery capacity Figure 3: The Proterra BEV transit bus. Source: Proterra.

8. FCEV – Fuel cell Electric vehicle • Most advanced EVs • Hydrogen gas powers the fuel cell • Large battery packs are not required Figure 4: Hydrogen fuel cell bus. Source: NREL.

9. Argonne National Laboratory developed a graphical user interface-based calculator called AirCRED that calculates air pollutant emissions based on specific fleet variables. These emissions “credits” are used to determine excise tax credits. To learn more, visit: www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulation/AirCred

10. Electricity Production is a regulated fuel: • Electricity is a domestically produced product • “Clean” electricity production • Job opportunities and economic benefits • Increased demand will lead to a continually expanding marketplace • Electricity price increases require DPU approval

11. Electricity Cost and Availability • More than 6,800 public charging stations nationwide • Regional electrification programs • Increased demand will help build an expanding infrastructure • Onsite charging

12. Cost avoidence with EVs • Electricity production • Installation of charging infrastructure • Cost-per-mile for electricity vs. gasoline • Long-term savings • Production factors – source of electricity, location of production, availability of raw materials

13. Figure 6: A comparison of electricity and gasoline energy cost per mile. Source: AFDC.

14. Electric Drive Advantages HEV • Advantages: • Better fuel economy than gasoline/diesel counterparts • Lower emissions than conventional vehicles • Combines efficiency of EVs with range of gasoline fuel • Things to Consider: • Capital cost/purchase price • Battery life/disposal • Fuel economy advantages highly dependent upon driving conditions

15. PHEV • Advantages: • Better fuel economy than gasoline/diesel counterparts • Lower emissions than conventional vehicles • Combines efficiency of EVs with range of gasoline fuel • Extended battery only range when compared to HEVs • Things to Consider: • Capital cost/purchase price • Battery life/disposal • Fuel economy advantages highly dependent upon driving conditions • More limited availability than HEVs

16. BEV • Advantages: • Lower fuel costs • No localized emissions • Quiet operation • At home ‘fueling’ by charging • Things to Consider: • Capital cost/purchase price • Battery life/disposal • Limited driving range/public charging stations • Limited availability when compared to HEVs • Emissions do occur at fossil fuel powered plants used to produce electricity • Charge time

17. FCEV • Advantages: • Lower fuel costs • No localized emissions • Quiet operation • Things to Consider: • Capital cost/purchase price • Limited driving range/public fueling stations • Limited availability • Emissions and energy required to produce hydrogen for use in FCEVs

18. Electric Drive Performance and Safety • Similar performance and safety when compared to conventional vehicles • Each type poses unique issues • Size and complexity of electrical systems differ greatly

19. Performance • HEVs and PHEVs • Similar to conventional vehicles • Reduced emissions • High torque available from electric motors • Driving range is comparable to conventional vehicles • Available in light- and heavy-duty applications

20. Performance • BEVs • Similar performance to conventional vehicles • Peak torque availability may allow for better acceleration • No onboard ICE or complex transmission system • Available for niche market applications • Consistent routes that allow for onsite charging

21. Performance • FCEVs • Performance is similar to conventional vehicles • Larger battery pack replaced with onboard hydrogen storage • Decreased cargo capabilities • Usually only available through lease programs

22. Required downtime for charging PHEVs and BEVs • Three charging levels • Specific equipment requirements Figure 8: The main levels of charging available for PHEVs and BEVs. Source: NAFTC.

23. Level 1 = standard 120 volt three-prong cord • Wall mounted units available • Most EVs sold with necessary cords • At home Level 2 are available as well Figure 9 (left): Level 2 wall mount charging stations. Source: GE Industrial. Figure 10 (right): Nissan Leaf charging cord. Source: NAFTC.

24. Level 2 = 240 volt connection • Typically used with BEVs and some PHEVs • Public, home, and onsite fleet charging Figure 11 (left): Free-standing Level 2 charging station. Source: NAFTC. Figure 12 (right): Level 2 Minit-Charger private fleet charging infrastructure. Source: Minit-Charger.

25. Level 3 = 480 volt connections (DC fast Charge) • “Quick charge” systems • Reduce charge time to half an hour or less depending upon the equipment used • Valuable for use in the heavy-duty sector Figure 13: The Blink DC Fast Charger. Source: Blink Network.

26. Electric Drive Performance Summary Similar vehicle performance Lower operating/maintenance costs Quieter operation Fewer local emissions

27. Safety • Same stringent NHSA and DOT safety standards as conventional vehicles • Charging equipment safety standards • High-voltage disconnects within vehicles • Inertia switches

28. Color coded high-voltage vehicle components • Bright orange or light blue insulation • EVs that are plugged in to charge will have more cords that may not be color coded • Different charging levels, equipment, charging can be done by anyone

29. Electric Drive Safety Summary Safety measures in charging stations Meet NHSA and DOT standards High voltage cables are color coded Maintenance should be done by trained technicians only

30. Test Your Knowledge • List the four types of EVs presented for fleet managers in this section along with their acronyms. • The fastest EV charging requires a Level _______ charger. • True or False: EVs must be charged by only trained professionals due to electric shock hazard.

31. Contact Information • Stephen Russell - 617 626-7325 • stephen.russell@state.ma.us