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Early Africa

Early Africa. Where would the most settlement be? Why?. There are several regions of Africa. Africa is not a country – it is a huge continent The geographic and climatic variability is considerable There are micro-environments within each region

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Early Africa

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  1. Early Africa

  2. Where would the most settlement be? Why?

  3. There are several regions of Africa • Africa is not a country – it is a huge continent • The geographic and climatic variability is considerable • There are micro-environments within each region • Some areas have environments that encourage decentralization

  4. Regions of Africa • Mediterranean Africa • Saharan Africa • East Africa • West Africa • Sub-Saharan Africa • South Africa

  5. Mediterranean Africa

  6. Saharan Africa The Sahel Region

  7. The Sahara Desert

  8. Saharan Environment after climatic changes

  9. Mountainous regions on northern and southern borders

  10. Bubolus Period: 6000-4000BCE

  11. Cattle Period: 4000 -- 2000 BCE

  12. Horse Period/Camel Period: From 1200 BCE

  13. Charioteer – mystery culture

  14. East Africa Madagascar

  15. West Africa

  16. Sub-Saharan Africa

  17. Madagascar South Africa

  18. Africa as part of Afro-Eurasia • Afro-Eurasia exchanged goods, people, ideas, technologies, and diseases from antiquity. • Egypt was often the intermediate zone between Asia & Africa • No geographic boundaries to exchange – actually transit areas like Mediterranean • Some areas isolated, e.g. Congo Basin

  19. Afro-Eurasian Interaction • New Kingdom Egypt – expansion from Africa to Asia

  20. Alexander the Great’s Empire part Africa • After Alexander’s Death, Ptolemaic Kingdom became intellectual center at Alexandria

  21. Afro-Eurasian Interaction • First Asian Empire in Africa – Carthage (Phoenician)

  22. Roman Empire included Mediterranean Africa • Trade in salt, gold, exotic animals • Roman cities in North Africa • St. Augustine from Hippo

  23. Nubia’s interactions with Egypt • Black African kingdom south of Egypt (present day Sudan)

  24. ALL humans originated in Africa

  25. Out of Africa – Early Migrations

  26. Variety of Peoples • Several Ethnic groups including: • Berbers • Cushites • Egyptians • Nilotic • San • Pygmy • Bantu (aka Negroe – but term not used now) Many different tribes, many of whom speak different languages

  27. Berber Man

  28. Cushite Woman

  29. Egyptian Man: Tarik al Said (soccer star)

  30. The Barabaig: present day cattle-herders of East Africa (Nilotic)

  31. Khoisan

  32. Mbuti Pygmy

  33. Bantu (Zulu Woman)

  34. Variety of lifestyles • Hunter-gatherers • Nomadic Pastoralists • Horticulturalists • Agriculturalists • Africa had ALL types

  35. Early settlement patterns affected by disease • Malaria a major problem • Populations cleared forests to start basic agriculture created disease vectors • Populations developed immune resistance, e.g. sickle cell anemia

  36. Pre-Historic period in Africa longer • Oral Tradition -- Poet-Historians – Griots • Because of lack of written evidence, pre-Islamic Africa (except parts in empires and Egypt) hard to piece together

  37. Independent Invention of Iron • Iron axes meant more settled agriculture – why?

  38. Variety of climates and zones • Micro-environments meant many different cultures and traditions • Africa’s North-South orientation meant less diffusion of crops, ideas • Some similarities – probably due to Bantu Migration (learn about this later…) • “Great” vs. “Small” traditions

  39. African Cultural Patterns • Animism and Magic • Divine Kingship • Rhythmic elements to music and visual patterns • Some clan-based, others kingdoms • Some areas – high status for women (even had queens) • Much higher status than in Rome, Han China, or Gupta India

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