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An Chanúint is an Caighdeán

An Chanúint is an Caighdeán. Matt Mac Cárthaigh Fios Feasa. Cad í an Ghaelainn Cheart?. “An Ghaeilig cheart atá ó achan ‘uine, ach goidí an Ghaeilig cheart?” Conas a aithníonn cainteoirí ceart ó mhícheart? “Vee may ummawruck awn”: mícheart

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An Chanúint is an Caighdeán

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  1. An Chanúint is an Caighdeán Matt Mac Cárthaigh Fios Feasa

  2. Cad í an Ghaelainn Cheart? • “An Ghaeilig cheart atá ó achan ‘uine, ach goidí an Ghaeilig cheart?” • Conas a aithníonn cainteoirí ceart ó mhícheart? • “Vee may ummawruck awn”: mícheart • “Gile na gile do chonnarc ar shlí i n-uaigneas”: ceart • Cad mar gheall ar gach aon rud idir eatarthu? • Tá an-chuid obair ar siúl sa teangeolaíocht ar “correctness conditions” • Bun agus barr an scéil ná ní fheadair éinne é • An bunúdarás na úsáid na gcainteoirí dúchais

  3. Prescriptivism vs Descriptivism • Tá dhá chur chuige ann go comónta chun a dhéanamh amach i slí foirmeálta cad is “ceart” ann: • 1. Prescriptivism • 2. Descriptivism

  4. Prescriptivism • Liosta rialacha leagtha síos ag údarás éigin • Arbitrarily, ag deireadh an lae • Bíonn caint nó scríobh “ceart” do réir mar a thagann sé leis na rialacha úd, pén bunús a bhíonn acu nó uathu • Cuirtear go mór i gcoinnibh aon leasú ar na rialacha céanna

  5. Prescriptivism • “Correctness is supposed to relate to conformance to a standard, not adherence to fashion.” (David Stewart Zink, blog “ceejbot”, 23 Eanair 2005) • Ón seana-churaclam: • “Níor mhór don oide staidéar a dhéanamh ar Ghaeilge an cheantair, foirmeacha focal nach bhfuil cruinn a aimsiú agus na foirmeacha cearta a mhúineadh.” • “Dá thoradh sin, cloisfear rothar in áit “bicycle”; teannaire in áit “pump”; obráid in áit “operation”; sconna in áit “tap”; an clog a thochrais, in áit an clog a “windáil”; [agus] chuir an roicéad an spásárthach in airde, in áit “chuir an rocket an spaceship in airde.”

  6. Prescriptivism • Buntáistí: • Soiléire • Cinnteacht • Níl aon cheist gan freagra • Míbhuntáistí: • Míréadúil • Neamh-fhíor • Pribhléid do dhaoine cumhachtacha

  7. Descriptivism • Rud nádúrtha is ea teanga (ar nós ainmhí) • Is cuid den dteanga an ghramadach (ar nós anatomy) • Is féidir é a thuiscint ach a bheith á scrúdú • Bíonn caint nó scríobh “ceart” do réir mar a thagann sé le húsáid nádúrtha na teangan ag cainteoirí údarásacha • Tagann athrú ar theanga le himeacht aimsire, agus caithfidh athrú teacht ar an rud is ceart ann

  8. Descriptivism • “[It] is an empirical question. Descriptive linguists try to lay out a statement of what the conditions are for particular languages. And it is very important to note that the linguist can go wrong ... How would anyone know? Through a back and forth comparison [with the] patterns [that] are regularly observed in the use of the language by qualified speakers under conditions when they can be taken to be using their language without many errors (e.g., when they are sober, not too tired, not suffering from brain damage, have had a chance to review and edit what they said or wrote, etc.).” (Geoffrey Pullum, blog “Language Log”, 25 Eanair 2005)

  9. Descriptivism • Buntáistí: • Fíor agus réadúil • Is féidir fianaise a thabhairt • Níl aon phribhléid ann d’éinne ach do chainteoirí údarásacha • Míbhuntáistí: • Míshoiléire • Athruithe go minic

  10. Aon Fhreagra Ceart Amháin • Is minic a theastaíonn ó phrescriptivists ná beadh ann ach aon fhreagra ceart amháin • Deimhnitheach níl sé seo réadúil: • “We have done this to better reflect engineering practice” • “We have done this better to reflect engineering practice” • “We have done this to reflect better engineering practice” • Is dlúth-chuid d’aon teanga an éagsúlacht so • Tugann sé deis do chainteoirí éagsúlacht stíleanna, registers, bríonna, srl, a úsáid ar mhaithe le cuspóirí éagsúla

  11. An Caighdeán Oifigiúil • Prescriptivist ó bhonn • Deartha ag foghlaimeoirí ar mhaithe le foghlaimeoirí (“qualified speakers” ag Geoffrey Pullum anso thuas) • I gcoinnibh na héagsúlachta • Is ait an rud é seo do lucht na mionteangacha! • “Movements to save minority languages ironically are often structured (…) around the same received notions of language that have led to their oppression and/or suppression… [M]inority language activists often find themselves imposing standards, elevating literate forms and uses, and negatively sanctioning variability in order to demonstrate the reality, validity and integrity of their languages.” (Kathryn Woolard, Language Ideology as a Field of Inquiry)

  12. Trí Pheaca an Chaighdeánóra (1) • Nithe atá ceart cheana féin a cheartú: • cad ina thaobh  cén fáth • madadh  madra • foighid  foighne • tigh a thógaint  teach a thógáil

  13. Trí Pheaca an Chaighdeánóra (2) • Nithe atá ceart cheana féin a cheartú le leagnacha ná fuil chomh húdarásach céanna fiú: • c(h)ífidh  feicfidh • bhíos  bhí mé • deireadh  deire • cad a ólfas tú  cad a ólfaidh tú

  14. Trí Pheaca an Chaighdeánóra (3) • Nithe atá ceart cheana féin a cheartú le leagnacha ná fuil aon údarás acu: • súp  anraith • sa bhfridge  insan kishnore • Roinn an Oideachais  An Roinn Oideachais

  15. Conclúid An rud a úsáideann cainteoirí údarásacha an uair is fearr a bhíonn siad, sin é an ceart i gcúrsaí teangacha. Bíonn éagsúlacht ins gach aon teanga, agus is maith an rud é. Caithfidh cainteoirí nó scríbhneoirí na foirmeacha cearta a bhaint amach a oirfidh dá gcuspóirí féin. Ní ceart d’éinne bheith ag ceartú rudaí cearta!

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