World History II SOL Review

1. World History IISOL Review Industrial Revolution – Russian Revolution

2. Industrial Revolution • Where – began in England because of its natural resources like coal and iron and the invention of the steam engine then spread to Europe and the U.S. • Enclosure Movement – fence in common fields to use land for raising sheep or mass producing food – puts small farmers out of business • Inventions – spinning jenny, steam engine (Watt), cotton gin (Whitney), process for making steel (Bessemer), smallpox vaccine (Jenner), and rabies vaccine (Pasteur)

3. Industrial Revolution • Population – increased (more food, better medicine, and healthier diets) • Standard of Living – increased (products became more affordable – machine made) • Working Conditions – long hours, dangerous, low pay, etc… + preferred women and children (pay them less) • Labor Unions – increase pay and improve working conditions + bargain with employers

4. Industrial Revolution • Urbanization – movement of people to cities (crowded and unsanitary conditions) • Environment – pollution • Transportation – faster (railroad and steamboat) • Women – increased demands for suffrage (right to vote) • Children – expansion of education

5. Economic Theories - Capitalism • Adam Smith – wrote Wealth of Nations • Laissez-faire economics – government does not interfere in the economy • Laws of supply and demand • Competition • Private ownership

6. Economic Theories - Socialism • Government owns and operates major industries and small farms and businesses are privately owned

7. Economic Theories - Communism • Karl Marx wrote Communist Manifesto • Response to the injustices of capitalism (some people are poor while some are rich) • Redistribute wealth • Government owns and operates everything

8. Imperialism • Definition - the domination by one country of the political, cultural, or economic life of another country • Colonies – most expensive + most control (ex. India was a colony of Great Britain) • Protectorates – leave local rulers in place but tell them what to do (ex. Egypt was a protectorate of Great Britain)

9. Imperialism • Spheres of Influence - an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges + least restrictive (Ex. China) • America opened trade with Japan (gifts of technology) • Missionaries – Christianize the people of Africa and Asia • Suez Canal – shortcut between Europe and Asia • Industrial Revolution – created a new need for markets and raw materials

10. Imperialism • Armed Conflicts – Boxer Rebellion + Opium War, etc…

11. World War I - Causes • Militarism - European countries competed with one another to see which one could have the best army and navy • Alliances – Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire) vs. Allies (France, Britain, and Russia) • Imperialism – competition for colonies • Nationalism – people of the same ethnic background want a homeland

12. World War I - Events • Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand – spark that started the war • U.S. enters the war (1917) – unrestricted submarine warfare and Zimmerman note • Russia exits the war (1917) – Russian Revolution

13. World War I – Major Leaders • Woodrow Wilson – President of the U.S. (Fourteen Points/League of Nations) • Kaiser Wilhelm II – leader of Germany

14. World War I – Outcomes • Colonies participated in the war – increased demands for independence (ex. India wanted independence from Great Britain) • End of Russian, Ottoman, German, and Austro-Hungarian Empires • Lots of destruction, lives lost, and social disruption • Treaty of Versailles – forced Germany to accept guilt for war and loss of territory + pay reparations + limited German military

15. World War I – League of Nations • Peacekeeping organization established to prevent future wars • Failed organization – could not enforce its decisions • U.S. never joined League of Nations (isolated) – did not sign Treaty of Versailles

16. World War I – Mandate System • France and Great Britain became mandatory powers in the Middle East • Divided Ottoman Empire into new countries (Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Palestine) • British controlled Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan & France controlled Syria and Lebanon

17. Russian Revolution - Causes • Defeat in war with Japan in 1905 • Landless peasantry • Incompetence of Tsar Nicholas II (absolute monarchy) • Losing in World War I

18. Russian Revolution - Lenin • Led the Russian Revolution • New Economic Policy – goal (improve Russia’s economy) – socialism (meant to be temporary)

19. Russian Revolution - Stalin • Five Year Plan – goal (make Soviet Union a modern industrial power) – command economy (government controls everything) – production improved while standard of living remained poor • Collectivization of Farms – no more private ownership – government farms or collectives (work as a group) - did not improve farm output (grain production grew slightly while meat, vegetables, and fruits remained in short supply) • Secret Police + Great Purge (destroy enemies)