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The Scientific Revolution. c.1550. What is the Scientific Revolution?. In European history the term 'Scientific Revolution' refers to the period between Copernicus(1473-1543), and Newton (1642-1727)
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The Scientific Revolution c.1550
What is the Scientific Revolution? • In European history the term 'Scientific Revolution' refers to the period between Copernicus(1473-1543), and Newton (1642-1727) • The scientific revolution - a series of changes in the structure of European thought itself: systematic doubt, empirical and sensory verification, the abstraction of human knowledge into separate sciences, and the view that the world functions like a machine. • A revolution in the way the individual perceives the world. • An intellectual revolution -- a revolution in human knowledge. • The scientific revolutionaries attempted to understand and explain man and the natural world. • The Scientific Revolution challenged the authority of the classical world (Ptolemy, Aristotle) and of the Middle Ages – The Church. • Pre-scientific revolution influences on Europe also included Arabic science, math and astronomy (Nasir al-Din Tusi, Mu’ayyad al-Din al-‘Urdi and ibn al-Shatir) from the 12th century. • Science is faith – a belief that science can improve our situation here on earth.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)The True “Renaissance Man” • Dissected bodies to learn human anatomy • First to explain the circulation of blood • Believed that the earth revolved around the sun. • Drew designs for submarines & airplanes. • Leonardo NEVER published his scientific ideas. • One of the western world’s greatest artist (Mona Lisa)
Beginning of the Scientific Revolution in Europe • Began in Europe when Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) challenged the Ptolemaic concept of an earth-centered universe (geocentric). • Copernicus demonstrated mathematically that it was the sun that was at the center of the universe (heliocentric). - His theory was rejected by most experts. - Dutch astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) provided evidence through an astronomical observatory that supported Copernicus’ theory. - Brahe’s German assistant Johannes Kepler used Brahe’s data to confirm Copernicus’s theory of a heliocentric universe.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Kopernik • Known as the “Father of Astronomy” • Born in Poland, studied at the University of Krakow (Poland) and University of Bologna (Italy). • Most famous work: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)
The Scientific Method of Francis Bacon (1561-1626)and Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650)
The Scientific Method of Francis Bacon (1561-1626)and Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650) • Both rejected Aristotle’s scientific assumptions. • Challenged scholarly traditions of the medieval universities that sought to make the physical world fit in with Church teachings. • Truth is found not at the beginning of research but at the end. • Bacon wanted science to lead to practical technologies that would benefit the lives of people. • Descartes emphasized the use of reason as the best way to understand science. Bacon emphasized experimentation and observation. • Descartes moved to the Dutch Republic when his books were banned in France.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Born in Pisa, Italy. Lived in Florence. • Studied at the University of Pisa. • First scientist to publish his studies in vernacular (Italian) rather than in Latin. • Achievements include: • Studied the movement of a pendulum that led to development of a pendulum clock - improvement of the telescope - Astronomy: observed the earth’s moon, four moons of Jupiter & the phases of Venus. - Earth was one of many planets revolving around the sun – part of a larger Solar System. - Strong supporter of Copernican theory.
Trial of Galileo • 1616 – The Catholic Church forbade Galileo to teach that the earth moves. 1633 – forced to appear before the Inquisition for failing to obey the Church order. • At the Inquisition, he agreed to recant his assertions about the earth’s movement to save himself from torture and possible execution. • Lived the rest of his life under house arrest. Could only publish his work in the Dutch Republic. Catholic Church banned his work. • After his trial, the Protestant areas in Europe dominated scientific discovery. • September,1822: publishing books supporting the heliocentric model of the universe permitted by Pope Pius VII. • 1835: Galileo’s Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is taken off the Vatican's list of banned books. • 1992: Catholic Church formally admits that Galileo's views on the solar system are correct. • Modern History Sourcebook: The Crime of Galileo: Indictment and Abjuration of 1633 • Modern History Sourcebook: Index Librorum Prohibitorum
Galileo Quotes • All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them. • Where the senses fail us, reason must step in. • I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with sense, reason, and intellect has intended us to forgo their use. • In questions of science, the authority of a thousand is not worth the humble reasoning of a single individual. • Doubt is the father of invention. • I think that in the discussion of natural problems we ought to begin not with the Scriptures, but with experiments, and demonstrations. • "My dear Kepler, what would you say of the learned here, who have steadfastly refused to cast a glance through the telescope? What shall we make of this? Shall we laugh, or shall we cry?"
Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry 1. Andreas Vesalius – (1514-1564, Belgian) On the Structure of the Human Body (1543) - Continued and refined da Vinci’s work on the human anatomy. 2. Ambroise Pare – (1517 - 1590) - Introduced the use of artificial limbs in the 1540’s. 3. William Harvey – (1578-1657, English) - Published work explaining the circulation of blood. 4. Anton Leeuwenhoek – (1632-1723) - Perfected the microscope and was the first human to see cells and microorganisms.
Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907) • Born in Russia. • Studied at the University of St. Petersburg. • Developed the Periodic Table of Elements in the 1860’s. - By arranging all of the 63 elements then known by their atomic weights, he managed to organize them into groups possessing similar properties. - Where a gap existed in the table, he predicted a new element would one day be found and deduced its properties.
Newton’s Theories and Achievements • Synthesized astronomy and physics with his law of gravitation. • Discovered the law of gravity. • Deeply religious, he tried to reconcile faith and science. • Experimented with light and helped establish the science of optics. • Newton’s contributions to physics became the foundations for modern science.
Impact of the Scientific Revolution • One of the supreme achievements of the human mind. • Science affects practical affairs: - changed the size of populations - changed the use of raw materials - changed methods of production, transport, business, war. 3. Science has changed the ideas of religion, God and man.
