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Late Nineteenth Century Imperialism. 1870-1914. Objective. To understand the causes of European imperialism of the late 19 th century To understand the extent of European imperial expansion To understand the consequences of European imperialism for Europe and the developing world.
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Late Nineteenth Century Imperialism 1870-1914
Objective • To understand the causes of European imperialism of the late 19th century • To understand the extent of European imperial expansion • To understand the consequences of European imperialism for Europe and the developing world
Definitions • Imperialism • “extending a nation’s influence directly or indirectly over weaker areas”
Definitions • Colonialism • Taking direct control of an area and turning it into a colony under a nation’s authority
Definitions • Nationalism • Belief that an ethnic group should rule itself • Belief that one nation is better than all the others
Causes of Late 19th Century European Imperialism • Three C’s of Imperialism • Christianity • Civilization • Commerce
Causes of Late 19th Century European Imperialism • Political • Maintain the balance of power • To control strategic areas like sea lanes, access to markets • Status symbols • Germany takes colonies to be like other European powers • Cultural and Religious • Belief in cultural or racial “superiority” • Desire to spread Christianity to “heathens” • To spread “civilization”
Britain • Largest colonial empire • “Sun never sets on the British Empire”
Britain • Largest colonial empire • “Sun never sets on the British Empire” • Colonies established to protect trading interests in Africa and Asia • Two kinds of colonies • “White” Colonies (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa) given self-rule • “Non-white” Colonies (India, Africa) under direct rule
France • Acquired Algeria in 1830 • Took over Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) by the 1880s • Expanded into Western Africa in the 1880s • Took colonies to make up for loss of Alsace-Lorraine in 1870
Germany • Bismarck originally opposed colonial expansion • Unnecessary for Germany • Did not want to threaten France or Britain • Germany took colonies in 1880s for status symbols • In Africa and Asia
United States • Did not get involved in European affairs • Became colonial power after 1898 • Spanish-American War • U.S. gains control of Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines • Monroe Doctrine allows US to extend influence into Latin America
Scramble for Africa • Europe had been interested in Africa for centuries • Through the slave trade
Scramble for Africa • Europe had been interested in Africa for centuries • Through the slave trade • Much of Africa still unexplored until 1880s • European influence restricted to coastline • Technology allows Europeans to explore African interior • Steamboats, Suez Canal, advances in medicine
Scramble for Africa • By 1914, 90% of Africa under European control • Berlin Conference in 1885 sets ground rules for European colonization of Africa
Scramble for Africa • Consequences • Traditional way of life disrupted • Economic exploitation of Africans • European racism imported into Africa • Spread of European culture • Spread of Western technology
European Imperialism in Asia • India • Britain trading in India since 1600s • British East India Co. gradually took over parts of India • British government gradually took over India in the 1800s • Sepoy Mutiny • Indian soldiers revolt against British East India Co. and were put down by British army
European Imperialism in Asia • Consequences of British Imperialism in India • British educational system established • Spread of English language • Railroads tie India together • Rise of Indian middle class
European Imperialism in Asia • China
European Imperialism in Asia • China • Potentially huge market • Closed to European trade until 1800s • Opium War (1840) • Britain forces China to open trade to opium • By 1900, China divided into European “spheres of influence” • Parts of China under European control • Chinese monarchy seriously weakened
Reaction to Imperialism • Rise of Nationalist Movements
Reaction to Imperialism • Rise of Nationalist Movements • India • Indian National Congress (1885) • Group of middle class Indians begin to demand independence (Mohandas Gandhi) • China • Boxer Rebellion (1900) • Nationalist Party
Conclusion • Different reasons for European imperialism during late nineteenth century • European imperialism causes reactions in Africa and Asia • European imperialism disrupts traditional way of life and continues to affect the world today
