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Nineteenth Century Imperialism: Africa

Nineteenth Century Imperialism: Africa. The “Opening” of Africa. Dr. David Livingstone: Explored the African interior GOALS : Abolish the slave trade Convert natives to Christianity. The “Opening” of Africa. Henry Stanley:

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Nineteenth Century Imperialism: Africa

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  1. NineteenthCentury Imperialism: Africa

  2. The “Opening” of Africa • Dr. David Livingstone: • Explored the African interior • GOALS: • Abolish the slave trade • Convert natives to Christianity

  3. The “Opening” of Africa • Henry Stanley: • American reporter that was hired to search for Livingstone after he had disappeared • After finding Livingstone, Stanley began to explore Africa for himself

  4. The “Opening” of Africa • Leopold II: • King of Belgium • Hired Stanley to carve out a Belgian kingdom in the Congo

  5. The Belgian Congo

  6. The Belgian Congo • Leopold claimed that he wanted to abolish slavery & spread Christianity in the Belgian Congo • NOT TRUE!

  7. The Belgian Congo • Unable to read or write, the Congolese tribal Chiefs, unwittingly sold their tribe members into a lifetime of slavery for pieces of cloth. • In return for "one piece of cloth per month to each of the undersigned chiefs, besides present of cloth in hand, they promised to freely of their own accord, for themselves and their heirs and successors for ever...give up to the said Association [set up by Leopold] the sovereignty and all sovereign and governing rights to all their territories...and to assist by labour or otherwise, any works, improvements or expeditions which the said Association shall cause at any time to be carried out in any part of these territories... All roads and waterways running through this country, the right of collecting tolls on the same, and all game, fishing, mining and forest rights, are to be the absolute property of the said Association."

  8. The Belgian Congo • Exploited the natives by forcing them to collect sap from rubber plants • 10 million+ Congolese died under Leopold’s rule • Often viewed as the harshest treatment of natives

  9. The Belgian Congo • In order to correct Leopold’s abuses in the Congo the Belgian government took control away from him in 1908

  10. Why Africa?

  11. Why Africa? • Why were European nations so interested in colonizing Africa in the late 1800s? • New markets • Raw materials & resources • Examples: Diamonds& gold

  12. Why Africa? • Why was Africa so easy to colonize during the late 1800s? • Less technology • Disunity among African tribes

  13. The Berlin Conference

  14. The Berlin Conference • 1884–1885 • Hosted by Otto von Bismarck in Berlin, Germany • GOAL: • Avoid a large-scale European war over the issue of Africa

  15. The Berlin Conference • WHAT: • European nations agreed on a plan for the division of Africa • Required the nations to notify each other of territorial claims & to occupy the territory with troops

  16. Boundaries of present day Africa were largely decided at the Berlin Conference of 1885 • Little thought was given to how African ethnic groups/linguistic groups were distributed • Discussion Question: Why might this be a problem??

  17. South Africa

  18. South Africa • Boers (Afrikaners): • Dutch farmers who settled at the Southern tip of Africa beginning in 1652 • First Europeans to settle in Africa

  19. South Africa • The Boers gradually took over the Africans’ land, established large farms & enslaved the natives

  20. South Africa • In 1815 South Africa was given to Great Britain at the Congress of Vienna • Conflicts between the Boers & the British ensued • Main Issues: • Landand slavery

  21. South Africa • The British outlawed slavery in the 1830s • Resulted in the Great Trek • Great Trek: • Boers moved slightly north & established 2 new states • Transvaal & Orange Free State

  22. South Africa • Eventually gold & diamonds were found in the new Boer states… • People from all over the world flooded Africa in order to make their fortunes

  23. South Africa • The Boers attempted to keep these “outsiders” out of Africa • Led to the Anglo-Boer War: • 3 year (1899-1902) military engagement between the Boers & the British

  24. South Africa • As a result of the Anglo-Boer War, Great Britain gained control of the Boer States, including all of the diamonds and gold

  25. South Africa • The Results of GB’s Victory: • The unification of South Africa • The establishment of a white-minority controlled society • Apartheid

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