EXPLORATION OF THE NEW WORLD

1. EXPLORATIONOF THENEW WORLD

2. 1 Why Did Europeans Cross the Seas? • As Europe’s population recovered from the Black Death, the demand for trade goods grew. • Europeans wanted spices. • European merchants wanted to gain direct access to the riches of Asia. • Some voyagers still wanted to crusade against the Muslims. • Others were inspired by the Renaissance spirit to learn about distant lands.

3. 1 Early Voyages of European Exploration, 1487–1609

4. Ch 6 • Motives and Means • Europeans had long been attracted to Asia since Marco Polo’s account of his travel to the exotic east. • The desire for wealth was a large part of European expansion. • Another motive was religious, the desire to spread the Catholic faith to native peoples.

5. Ch 6 cont • Adventure and Glory comprised another motive for European expansion. “God, Gold, and Glory,” then, were the motives. • Europeans also reached a level of technology that made a series of regular, long voyages possible. • Europeans acquired much of this technology from Arabs.

6. MOTIVATINGFORCESFOR EXPLORATION Economic: Gold Natural resources Trade Religious Competition for empire and belief in superiority of own culture

7. Ch6 II.The Portuguese Trading Empire • Portugal took the lead in European exploration. • In 1420, Prince Henry the Navigator sponsored Portuguese fleets that sailed along the western coast of Africa. They found gold.

8. In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias rounded the tip, called Cape of Good Hope. • Later, Vasco da Gama went around the cape and cut across the Indian ocean. • He took a cargo of spices and returned to make a profit of several thousand percent. • The route became well traveled.

9. 1 Portugal’s Voyages to the East By the 1400s, Portugal had expanded into Muslim North Africa. Henry the Navigator sent ships to explore the western coast of Africa. In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa, later called the Cape of Good Hope. In 1497, Vasco da Gama reached the spice port of Calicut in India. In 1502, da Gama forced a treaty on Calicut. The Portuguese seized key ports around the Indian Ocean to create a vast trading empire.

11. 1 Columbus’s Voyages to the West Backed by Spain, Christopher Columbus tried to reach the Indies, in Southeast Asia, by sailing west across the Atlantic. Columbus believed that the land that he reached was the Indies. He had found a route to continents previously unknown to Europeans. These lands later became known as the West Indies.

12. III. Voyages to the Americas • The Portuguese sailed east to reach the source of the spice trade, the Spanish sailed west to find it. • Christopher Columbus knew the world was round, but had little understanding of its circumference or of the size of the continent of Asia.

13. Columbus believed he could reach Asia by sailing west. • Queen Isabella of Spain financed Columbus journeys. • In 1492, he reached the coastline of Cuba and the island of Hispaniola. • Columbus believed he reached Asia. • Columbus reached all the major islands of the Caribbean in Central America – all of which he called India

14. A line of Demarcation • Spain and Portugal feared that others would claim some of its newly discovered land. • They agreed on a line of demarcation-dividing their new domains • According to the Treaty of Tordesillas the line would extend from north to south through the Atlantic Ocean and the easternmost part of South America

15. Unexplored territories to the east would belong to Portugal = Africa • Unexplored territories to the west would belong to Spain = Americas

16. Amerigo Vespucci went on several voyages and wrote letters describing the lands he saw. • These letters led to the use of the name America.

17. V. The Spanish Empire • The Spanish conquerors of the Americas were known as conquistadors • Hernan Cortes overthrew the Aztec Empire • Francisco Pizarro took control of the Incan Empire • The Spanish created a system of colonial administration in the Americas, and Queen Isabella declared Native Americans to be her subjects, or slaves.

18. VI. Economic Impact on competition • Europeans wanted silver and gold whenever they went to the Americas • Portuguese expansion in the East also created an economic impact. • Other Europeans soon sought similar economic benefits for themselves • The extensive exchange of plants and animals between the Old and New Worlds known as the Columbian Exchange transformed economic activity in both worlds

19. Columbian Exchange • From America – • Corn • Potatoes • Beans • Chocolate • Buffalo • Beaver • Parrots

20. From Europe - • Oranges • Onions • Sheep • Horses • Cattle • Honeybees • Pigs • Chickens • Diseases (?) FLU MEASLES

21. By the end of the 16th century, several new European rivals entered the scene for the eastern trade • Spain = Philippine Islands • England = India • Dutch = India • England = Americas • France = Americas

22. VII. Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism • Colonies played a role in mercantilism, a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the 1600’s • Mercantilist thought the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold or silver • Balance of Trade is the difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports overtime

23. Balboa saw Pacific Ocean by crossing Panama

24. Ponce de Leon explored Florida

25. Magellan • Ferdinand Magellan charted a passage around the southern tip of South America and gave the Pacific Ocean its name. His crew became the first people to circumnavigate, or sail around, the world.

26. Ferdinand Magellan

28. Francisco Coronado Coronado ButteinGrandCanyon

31. HernandoDe Soto

32. Spanish Fort in St. Augustine, Florida

33. St. Augustine Fort

36. Explorers for Great Britain • John Cabot discovered the New England coastline in his unsuccessful quest to find a Northwest passage to Asia. • Henry Hudson explored what would become known as the Hudson River. • Explorers for France • Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River. • Samuel de Champlain claims Quebec • Marquette, Joliet, and La Salle explore the Mississippi river.

37. Jacques Marquette Louis Joliet

39. La Salle explored the Great Lakes anddiscovered mouth of the Mississippi River

40. English sailor Henry Hudsonclaimed New York for the Dutch

41. Canada

42. John Cabot

43. 1 Section 1 Assessment Who was the first European explorer to sail around the southern tip of Africa? a) Ferdinand Magellan b) Bartholomeu Dias c) Vasco da Gama d) Jacques Cartier Christopher Columbus set out to a) reach the Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic. b) reach the Americas by sailing west across the Atlantic. c) reach the Indies by sailing east around the southern tip of Africa. d) reach the Americas by sailing east around the southern tip of Africa.

44. 1 Section 1 Assessment Who was the first European explorer to sail around the southern tip of Africa? a) Ferdinand Magellan b) Bartholomeu Dias c) Vasco da Gama d) Jacques Cartier Christopher Columbus set out to a) reach the Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic. b) reach the Americas by sailing west across the Atlantic. c) reach the Indies by sailing east around the southern tip of Africa. d) reach the Americas by sailing east around the southern tip of Africa.