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Transforming Europe: Old and New Worlds c. 1450 - 1600

Today. Transforming DiscoveriesPrinting, navigation, gunpowder Transforming ExplorationsSpain and PortugalExchange with the

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Transforming Europe: Old and New Worlds c. 1450 - 1600

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    1. Transforming Europe: Old and New Worlds c. 1450 - 1600

    2. Today Transforming Discoveries Printing, navigation, gunpowder Transforming Explorations Spain and Portugal Exchange with the “New World”

    3. Illumination / printing

    4. Woodcut printing (since 12th century in Europe)

    5. 2 Key Points “Printing” was not invented in 15th century, but rather moveable type / typography Development of printing technologies was a long evolutionary process

    9. Pressure Frame

    10. Johann Gutenberg of Mainz (prints Bible in 1455)

    11. First Printed Documents include: Poem on the Last Judgment Astronomical Calendar Papal indulgence for fighting the Turks Gutenberg bible

    13. Printing 1450 - 1500 By the beginning of the sixteenth century, more than 6 million books had been printed, with the average edition running between 200 to 1,000 copies. In 1500, about 35,000 books were published each year in Europe, and a century later the number had jumped to between 150,000 and 200,000 books.

    14. Roman type developed in 1495

    15. Pope Alexander VI (1501): “The art of printing is very useful insofar as it furthers the circulation of useful and tested books; but it can be very harmful if it is permitted to widen the influence of pernicious works. It will therefore be necessary to maintain full control over the printers so that they may be prevented from bringing into print writings which are antagonistic to the Catholic faith or which are likely to cause trouble to believers.”

    16. What were some consequences of printing technology?

    17. What were some consequences of printing technology? New pedagogical possibilities Expansion of literacy Standardization of languages Stimulated scholarship Enabled propaganda, etc. (Some criticized it as cheap and vulgar…)

    18. Mappa Mundi

    20. Portolan Map

    21. Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)

    23. Vasco de Gama (c.1460 - 1524) Ferdinand Magellan (1480 – 1521)

    24. Navigation Technology

    26. Maps of Spanish exploration

    29. Maps of Portuguese Exploration

    30. Spanish and Portuguese Division of the “New World” (1493)

    31. Exploration and Conquest of the New World “We came here to serve God and the king. . . But also to get rich.” Hernando Cortes

    32. “The noise of the cannon was as the noise of thunder in the heavens and the flashes of fire of their guns were like flashes of lightning in the sky: and the noise of their matchlocks was like that of ground-nuts popping in the frying pan” - Peruvian witness, 1511

    33. Indigenous population of Mexico c. 20 million in 1520 c.1 million in 1600 * Indigenous population of Peru c. 7 million in 1500 c. ˝ million in 1600 *historians debate these figures still

    34. Additional “Exchanges” of Europe, Americas, Africa

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