21. Toward Empire

1. 21. Toward Empire 1867 - 1902

2. America Was Always Expanding • From the time of Jamestown and Plymouth • America was constantly pushing westward

3. After the Civil War • Focus was on expansion beyond borders

4. Then Began to Look at Islands • Needed naval bases for ships transporting American Products • New markets for trade • New sources of natural resources • Less about settlement

5. Reasons for Expansion, 1870 • New technology grew a sense of internationalism • End of the frontier as in the Turner Thesis • Overproduction of food and goods • Market expansion would insure economic growth • Christian missionaries

6. Missionary Zeal of the Christian Denominations • Josiah Strong • Congregational Minister • “Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis” • Called on all missionaries to civilize the world under the Anglo-Saxon race.

7. Foreign Policy in the 1860s • William H. Seward, Secretary of State • Under Lincoln and Johnson • Purchased Alaska from Russia • “Seward’s Folly” • Cost $7,200,000 • Attempted to annex Hawaii • Annexed Midway Island?

8. Foreign Policy in 1870s • Hamilton Fish (Under Grant) • Focused on improved relations with Europe • Supported Cuban independence • Attempted to annex Santo Domingo • Fear of Haitian takeover

9. Foreign Policy 1880s • James G. Blaine (Garfield and Harrison) • Trade and political stability for Western Hemisphere • Pan American Union (Organization of American States) • Multiple trade agreements hoping to divert trade from Europe Pan American Union Headquarters Washington D.C.

10. Foreign Policy 1890s • Richard Olney (Cleveland) • Asserted the Monroe Doctrine to settle a dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela • US dominate in Latin American issues

11. Annexation of Hawaii, 1893 • Queen Liliuokalani surrendered the thrown to white citizens following a non-violent revolution • Benjamin Harrison quick to annex

12. Major Development for Expansion

13. Alfred Thayer Mahan • “The Influence of Sea Power on History”: • Control of the seas would lead to world power • Read by Theodore Roosevelt

14. Impact of Social Darwinism “In this world the nation that has trained itself to a career of unwarlike and isolated ease is bound, in the end, to go down before other nations which have not lost the manly and adventurous qualities.” Theodore Roosevelt The Fittest of the Fit

15. US Builds a Navy • USS Maine

16. Cuban War for Independence • 1895 • $50 million invested in Cuban economy • $100 million in trade with Cuba • McKinley promised to stabilize the situation • Many wanted direct military intervention. • Eventually results in Spanish American War Spanish Troops, 1897 Garcia and Cuban soldiers

17. Spanish American War • A Splendid Little War • 1898 • 16 weeks

18. Yellow Press • Sensational and exaggerated newspaper accounts designed to influence public opinion. • In this case in favor of war with Spain

19. DeLome Letter • February 9, 1898 • Newspapers published a letter written by the Spanish minister criticizing president

20. Remember the Maine • February 15, 1898 • Blown up in Havana Harbor • Loss of 250 Americans. • Probably an accident • Americans blame Spain

21. Path to War • McKinley issued an ultimatum to Spain on March 27 asking them to end hostilities in Cuba • Did not comply • Congress declares war on Spain on April 21, 1898 • Teller Amendment declares the objective of establishing Cuban independence

22. Course of the War • Spanish fleet is destroyed with little resistance • Peace conference held in Paris in October, 1898 • War lasted 16 weeks

23. African Americans in the War 25% of the American troops were African-American

24. Treaty of Paris, 1898 • Cuban independence • U.S. acquires Puerto Rico and Guam • U.S. acquisition of the Philippines • Spain receives $20 million.

25. Political Leaders Split Over Empire Imperialists Anti-Imperialists Rejects the foundation of American ideals and democracy Opens America to those who are ethnically inferior Will hurt the economy • Offers new “frontier” for the American imagination and spirit • It is unchristian to not help those who are inferior. • Will help the economy

26. Philippines Insurrection • Outraged at not receiving independence • Revolt: Emilio Aquinaldo • 70,000 U.S. troops suppress the revolutionaries. • US Commission recommends eventual self-government for the Philippines. • What should be done in meantime

27. Platt Amendment • 1901 • Cuba becomes protectorate of the United States. • Cuba could not • Make a treaty with a foreign stated impairing its independence • Contract an excessive public debt. • Cuba must • Allow US to preserve order • Lease a naval base for 99 years to US

28. Election of 1900 • Republicans: William McKinley • Democrats: William Jennings Bryan

29. Spheres of Influence in China

30. The Open Door Notes • US wanted to be involved in China and benefit from trade. • Most areas were already controlled • Secretary of State, John Hay (McKinley), 1899

31. The Political Scene Changes • McKinley is assassinated in 1901 • Killed by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist • Theodore Roosevelt become President

32. Theodore Roosevelt • Return of the strong president

33. Proponents in favor of overseas expansion by the US in the latter nineteenth century argued that a. Increasing American production necessitated the acquisition of additional markets b. A worldwide scramble for empire might eliminate American opportunities for growth c. It was our duty to extend civilization and Christianity to less privileged peoples. d. All of the above e. None of the above

34. Military strategist and historian Alfred Thayer Mahan advocated an American policy of a. Increasing imports of agricultural and manufactured goods. b. Constructing railroads in Central and south America c. Expanding the nation’s merchant marine and navy d. All of these e. None of these

35. In 1898, the American battleship Maine was a. Sent to Manila as a gesture of strength and good will. b. Captured by Spanish authorities in Havana c. Probably sunk as a result of an accidental internal explosion d. Sabotaged by Cuban revolutionaries e. Used as a part of a naval blockade of Cuba

36. The Spanish American War resulted in a a. Long and costly military effort for the United States b. Sharp sense among Americans of deception and betrayal by their government c. Series of particularly embarrassing American naval defeats. d. The American annexation of Cuba e. Greater loss of American lives to tropical diseases than battle.

37. The United States Secretary of State John Hay’s Open Door Policy a. Provoked the Boxer Rebellion of Chinese nationalists intent on ridding their country of foreign influences. b. Called for China to grant the US a sphere of influence with exclusive mining concessions. c. Demanded the elimination of excessive Chinese tariffs and trade restrictions. d. Guarded against the partition of China into foreign colonies and the consequent loss of American trading opportunities e. Committed to assisting any territory where China was attempting to exert colonial influence.

38. Why was American expansion of the 1890s different from earlier expansionist moves? • It was the result of war. • It was intended for settlement. • It was primarily for agricultural objectives. • It would venture into uninhabited areas • It would create economic and military colonies overseas.

39. The Open Door Policy • Proposed to keep China open to the trade of all nations. • Led to the annexation of Puerto Rico • Was a huge diplomatic mistake for the United States • Guaranteed American control of Hawaii • Kept Great Britain out of Venezuela