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TOWARD EMPIRE

Explore America's overseas expansion post-1890, including Hawaii, Samoa, and the Spanish-American War, shaping its emergence as a world power. Discover the motivations and consequences of US foreign policy changes, the acquisition of new territories, and the debates surrounding imperialism. Delve into the impact of American intervention in Cuba and the Philippines, leading to the establishment of an American empire and its governance strategies. Witness the birth of the American global influence and the challenges it brought.

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TOWARD EMPIRE

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  1. TOWARD EMPIRE America: Past and Present Chapter 21

  2. America Looks Outward • U.S. expansion shifts after 1890 • Strategically placed islands taken, intended only as colonies

  3. Catching the Spirit of Empire • Domestic concerns dominated the post-Civil War years • 1870s bring new interest in areas beyond U.S. boundaries • Internationalism began to replace nationalism

  4. Reasons for Expansion • Expansion abroad sought to gain markets • Evolutionary ideas encourage expansion to give guidance to native peoples elsewhere • Missionary spirit expressed in Josiah Strong's popular Our Country (1885)

  5. Foreign Policy Approaches: 1867-1900 • Expansionist foreign policy • Acquisitions: Alaska, Midway Islands • Erode European influence in Latin America • diverts Latin American trade from Europe through a series of reciprocity treaties • U.S. supports Venezuela against Great Britain

  6. The Lure of Hawaii and Samoa • 1875--U.S. grants Hawaiian sugar free entry • Queen Liliuokalani retaliates for McKinley Tariff, attempts to reduce U.S. influence • 1893--American settlers pull off coup • 1898--Hawaii made U.S. possession • 1872--U.S. granted port facilities in Samoa • 1899--U.S. shares control with Germany

  7. Hawaiian Islands

  8. The New Navy • Alfred Mahan argues that overseas markets are essential for industrial surpluses • Large merchant marine, strong navy needed • 1889--Secretary of Navy Benjamin Tracy supervises a program of naval construction • U.S. gains offensive capability at sea

  9. War with Spain • The war increased overseas possessions • It also gained the U.S. recognition as a “world power” • Americans became convinced they had a special destiny

  10. A War for Principle • February, 1895--rebellion in Cuba • "Yellow press" whips up U.S. sentiment to favor Cuban independence • McKinley gains Spanish concessions • February, 1898--explosion of the Maine • April 19--Congress declares Cuba independent, passes "Teller Amendment" • April 25--U.S. declares war on Spain

  11. "A Splendid Little War" • U.S. regular army small, ill-prepared • Problems of equipment and supply • regulars possess latest Krag-Jorgensen rifles • Guard units possess old Springfield rifles • Most soldiers fight in National Guard units

  12. “Smoked Yankees” • African Americans serve in army Guard units • Black troops resist segregation • African American soldiers win 26 Certificates of Merit, 5 Congressional Medals of Honor

  13. The Course of the War • May 1--Commodore George Dewey captures Manila Bay • June--Cuba invaded • July--Santiago surrenders, Puerto Rico occupied • August 13--Philippines surrender

  14. Spanish-American War: Pacific Theater

  15. Spanish-American War: Caribbean Theater

  16. Acquisition of Empire • Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations • December 1898--Treaty of Paris • Cuba independent • U.S. takes Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

  17. The Treaty of Paris Debate • Debate over annexation of the Philippines • Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist League • February, 1899--ratification of peace treaty makes U.S. a colonizing nation

  18. American Empire, 1900

  19. Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines • 1898-1901--Emilio Aguinaldo leads Philippine independence movement • 1901--U.S. replaces military with civil rule • local self-government permitted • schedule established for independence • July 4, 1946--Philippine independence

  20. World Colonial Empires, 1900

  21. Governing the Empire • Supreme Court permits selective application of Constitution to new territories • Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico organized as territories, inhabitants made U.S. citizens • Navy controls Guam • Cuban constitution ends U.S. occupation • Platt Amendment--U.S. given right to intervene in Cuban affairs

  22. The Open Door • March, 1900--"Open Door" policy in China • no European nation should carve out a sphere of influence in China and exclude others from trading in the area • Policy opens the potential for later conflict with expansion-minded powers in Pacific

  23. Outcome of the War with Spain • Teddy Roosevelt a war hero • Set back the cause of civil rights for African Americans • Confirms Republicans as majority party • U.S. soldiers stationed outside the country

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