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Chapter 21 TOWARD EMPIRE

Chapter 21 TOWARD EMPIRE. America Past and Present Eighth Edition. Roosevelt & the Rough Riders. April 1898 ~ Theodore Roosevelt resigned his position as Asst Sec of the Navy to raise his own regiment to fight in the Spanish American War

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Chapter 21 TOWARD EMPIRE

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  1. Chapter 21TOWARD EMPIRE America Past and Present Eighth Edition

  2. Roosevelt & the Rough Riders • April 1898 ~ Theodore Roosevelt resigned his position as Asst Sec of the Navy to raise his own regiment to fight in the Spanish American War • The 1st US Volunteer Cavalry was an intriguing mix of Ivy League athletes & western frontiersmen • Anxious to set off on a great adventure p.601-602

  3. America Looks Outward • Since the first landings in Jamestown & Plymouth, the country had been expanding, but expansion in the 1890s was different • This expansion sought to gain possessions, most already thickly populated • New territories intended not for settlement but for naval bases, trading outposts, & commercial operations • The Spirit of Empire ~ Americans abandoning isolationism in favor of imperialism • Military & economic control over other peoples p.602-603

  4. Reasons for Expansion • Political leaders began to argue for the vital importance of foreign markets to continue economic growth • Others were also interested in empire building ~ In last third of 19th century, Great Britain, France & Germany divided up Africa & were interested in Asia • Darwinist’s used their belief in superiority as a reason to expand & protect the weak • Missionary spirit expressed in Josiah Strong's popular OurCountry (1885) • Christianize the “inferior” races p.603-604

  5. Foreign Policy Approaches:1867–1900 • Expansionist foreign policy ~ Wanted Canada, Mexico, Caribbean & Pacific Islands • 1867 ~ Sec of State Seward acquired: • Uninhabited “Midway” Islands ~ Guano & Coal • First territory outside the continental US • Alaska ~ Purchased from Russia for $6M • Contested European interests in Latin America • Advocated the Monroe Doctrine ~ “Hands off the western world” • US reciprocity (mutual exchange) w/ Latin Am p.604-606

  6. The Lure of Hawaii & Samoa • 1820 ~ Missionaries arrive in Hawaii • Their children come to dominate political & economic life • 1875 ~ Hawaiian sugar allowed to enter US duty free in return for not making any territorial or economic concessions to other powers • Dole Pineapple Company • Hawaii became an American protectorate • New Queen Liliuokalani resented minority rule • Unhappy Americans revolted ~ US Marines • 1893 ~ Hawaii annexed • 1898 ~ Hawaii an official US possession p.606-608

  7. The Lure of Hawaii & Samoa • 1872 ~ US very interested in Samoa, 3k mi south of Hawaii • 1878 ~ Treaty established US naval base • Great Britain & Germany also interested in Samoa • 1889 ~ Situation became tense when ships from all three nations gathered in a Samoan harbor • Delegates met in Berlin to negotiate • 1899 ~ US & Germany divided up the islands & compensated Britain w/ lands elsewhere in the Pacific p.606-608

  8. Hawaiian Islands • Difficulties: • Threat of Japanese military actions • Washington not in agreement • Colonial problems • Opposition to annexing non-Anglo-Saxon people p.607

  9. NIB

  10. The New Navy • US had powerful fleet during Civil War but it quickly fell into disrepair • 1883 Congress authorized the first modern steel ships • Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan, author of The Influence of Sea Power upon History, stressed the importance of a strong navy for a multitude of reasons • By the end of the 1890s ~ 17 steel battleships, 6 armored cruisers, & many smaller craft p.608-609

  11. War with Spain ~ 1898 • The war increased overseas possessions • It also gained the US recognition as a “world power” • Americans became convinced they had a special destiny p.609

  12. A War for Principle • Cuba & Puerto Rico almost only thing left of Spain’s once vast empire • Cuban people treated cruelly • February 1895 ~ Rebellion in Cuba • "Yellow Journalism" whipped up US sentiment to favor Cuban independence • Wm Randolph Hearst • Joseph Pulitzer • Pres McKinley sent USS Maine to Havana harbor as a show of force p.609-612

  13. A War for Principle • McKinley sent aide on fact finding mission • He protested to Spain regarding their “uncivilized & inhuman” conduct • Feb 15, 1898 ~ Maine “explodes” • 266 lives lost • “Remember the Maine” • Although he had worked hard to avoid it, McKinley signed the declaration of war on April 25, 1898 • Kick the Spanish out & Cuba to be independent p.609-612

  14. "A Splendid Little War" • War lasted only ten weeks ~ Relatively few Americans died • Regular Army was small & ill-prepared • Only 28k officers & men, most experienced only in quelling Indian uprisings, not large-scale battles • Problems of equipment & supply • Regulars had latest Krag-Jorgensen rifles • NG units had old Civil War Springfield rifles that used black powder ~ Spanish had modern rifles • Food & illness serious problems • More died of disease than battlefield wounds p.612

  15. “Smoked Yankees” • When the invasion force sailed for Cuba, almost ¼ were Af American • 24th & 25th Infantry & 9th & 10th Cavalry • AL, OH, & MA provided black NG units • Black troops extremely disturbed by segregation ~ Numerous fights • Af Am soldiers won 26 Certificates of Merit & 5 Cong Medals of Honor p.612-614

  16. The Course of the War Spanish-American War:Pacific Theater • Naval strategy was simple: destroy the Spanish Fleet • May 1, 1898, Commodore Dewy sailed from Hong Kong & trapped the Spanish in Manila Bay ~ “You may fire when ready, Gridley” • A quick & unexpected prize of war p.614

  17. The Course of the War Spanish-American War: Caribbean Theater McKinley was worried about the main Spanish fleet which could possibly attack Florida, but it became bottled up in Santiago Bay Marine & Army troops invaded during June & fought their way toward Santiago de Cuba Fleet tried to escape, but was totally destroyed ~ Spain was helpless Of 5,500 American deaths only 379 were from battle ~ Accidents, yellow fever, malaria, typhoid p.615

  18. Acquisition of Empire • Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations • A huge chain of islands & very far away • Cuba & Puerto Rice were close • Guam small & unimportant • December, 1898 ~ Treaty of Paris • Cuba declared independent • U.S. acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines • $20M paid to Spain p.615-617

  19. The Treaty of Paris Debate • Treaty still had to be ratified by the Senate • Many Anti-Imperialists against it • Jane Addams, Samuel Gompers, Mark Twain • Argued that imperialism violated the very ideals upon which the US was founded • Wm James, “America is about to puke up its heritage” • Andrew Carnegie offered to buy Filipino independence with a personal check for $20M • February 1899 ~ Ratification made the US a colonial empire p.617-618

  20. American Empire ~ 1900 p.617

  21. Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines • 1898 – 1901~ Emilio Aguinaldo led Philippine independence movement • Fought w/ US against the Spanish • Filipinos used guerilla war tactics, US adopted tactics Spanish used in Cuba • Philippine-American War more costly than the Spanish-American War • 1901 ~ US replaced military with civil rule • Local self-government permitted • Schedule established for independence • July 4, 1946 ~ Philippine independence p.618-620

  22. World Colonial Empires ~ 1900 p.619

  23. Governing the Empire • How could/should new territories be governed? • Supreme Court applied selective application of the Constitution to new territories • Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico organized as territories, inhabitants later made US citizens • Navy controlled Guam & Samoa • Cuban Constitution ended US occupation • Platt Amendment to Cuban Constitution ~ US given right to intervene in Cuban affairs & lease Guantanamo Bay p.620-621

  24. The Open Door • Poised in the Philippines, the US was on the doorstep of China • China was weak from yrs of warfare & unable to resist foreign influence • US sought more trade, but “no advantages in the Orient not common to all” • US promoted an "Open Door" policy in China • No nation should carve out a sphere of influence in China & exclude others from trading there • US not prepared to militarily defend & therefore left the opportunity for later controversy p.621-624

  25. Outcome of the War with Spain • Teddy Roosevelt a war hero • Civil rights for African Americans set back • Fresh outbreak of segregation & lynching • Confirmed Republicans as majority party • Dominated politics until 1932 • U.S. soldiers stationed outside the country • By 1900, the US had grow from 13 states along the Atlantic coastline into a majorworldpower that reached from the Caribbean to the Pacific p.624-625

  26. Chapter 21TOWARD EMPIRE America Past and Present Eighth Edition End

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