Chapter 11- The Muslim World by: Kristina Giambrone Pd. A

1. Chapter 11- The Muslim Worldby: Kristina Giambrone Pd. A Sec1- Rise of Islam Sec2- Islam Spreads Sec3- Golden age of Muslim civilization Sec4- Muslims in India Sec5- The Ottoman and Safavid Empires

2. Section 1: Rise of Islam I- The prophet Muhammad A: Geographic setting - Islam emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in an Oasis: a fertile area in a desert - Many Arabs were nomad herders, called Bedouins. - Mecca was a bustling market town at the crossroads of two main caravan routes. It was also a thriving pilgrimage center. B: Muhammad's Vision - Muhammad was born in Mecca, who was a successful merchant in his youth - When he was 40 he went to a cave to meditate, and heard a voice saying “Recite!”, this was the voice of the angel Gabriel - He then started to spread Islam in the word of Allah

3. -As Muhammad spread his teachings he was threatened with murder and took a journey to Yethrib known as hiijra: Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina. - Muhammad died in 632, but the faith of Islam became one of the world’s major religions. II- Teachings of Islam - Islam is Monotheistic: belief in one god, and the Quaran is the sacred text of Islam, which says: - God is all-powerful and compassionate - people are responsible for their own actions - there is no official priest

4. - All Muslims accept five basic duties, known as the five pillars: - The first is a declaration of faith “ There is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God” - Daily prayer, people may pray wherever but they often gather in houses of worship or masjids or Mosques - Give charity to the poor - Fasting from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan. - The last pillar is the hajj, or the pilgrimage to Mecca. All Muslims who are able to visit the Kaaba at least once in their life. - Jihad: Effort in God’s service Mosque----

5. III- A way of life A: Sharia - Islamic system of law is called a Sharia, which regulates moral conduct, family law, business practices, government, and other aspects of a Muslim community. - The Sharia helped unite many people that switched to Islam. B: Impact of Muslim on women - Most women in Arab society varied in position. They could not inherit property, and things like that. - Islam affirmed the equality of women and men. They won greater protection under the law

6. Section 2: Islam Spreads I- An age of conquest - Caliph: Successor of Muhammad, Abu Bakr was a caliph - Under the first 4 caliphs Arab armies marched from victory to victory conquering great chunks of the Byzantine empire. - The reason for these astonishing victories is due in part to two reasons: 1- the weakness of the Byzantine and Persian empires 2- the common faith Muhammad gave is people. A- Treatment of Conquered people - Muslim leaders imposed a special tax on non-Muslims, but allowed Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians to practice their own faiths and follow their own laws. - Islam had no hierarchy or class of priests. II- Movements within Islam - The split between Sunni and Shiite Muslims had a profound impact of Islamic history. - The Sunni felt that the caliph should be chosen by the leaders of the Muslim Community.

7. - The Shiites on the other hand, argued that the only true successor to the prophet were descendants of Muhammad's daughter and son- in law Fatima and Ali. - A third tradition in Islam emerged with the Sufis, Muslim mystic who sought communion with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals. III- Empire of the Caliphs - The Umayyad family set up a dynasty that ruled the Islamic world until 750, in their capital of Damascus in Syria. - Shiites hated the Umayyad family, and under the Umayyad the Arabs had fewer rights. - A leader Abu al- Abbas, who invited the Umayyad family to a banquet- and killed them all. He then found the Abbasid dynasty. A- Splendors of Baghdad - The Abbasid dynasty chose their capital in Baghdad, a small market town in present day Iraq. - In Baghdad many gardens, dotted with fountains, gleamed in the sunlight. - Minarets: slender towers of Mosques. - Muezzin: Mosque official that went to the top of the minaret and called people for prayer.

8. IV- Decline of the Caliphate - As the Caliph power faded, civil wars erupted, and Shiite rulers took over parts of the empire. A- Seljuk - In the 1900;s the Seljuk Turks migrated into the middle east from Central Asia adopted Islam and built a large empire across the fertile crescent/ - Sultan: Authority B- Mongols - Genghis Khan led the Mongols out of Central Asia across Persia and Mesopotamia, and killed and burned Baghdad and the last caliph leader. - Tamerlane or Timur the lame was another Mongol leader that led his armies in to the middle east. Minaret

9. Section 3- Golden age of Muslim Civilization I- Society and the economy A- Social classes - People enjoyed a certain degree of social mobility: the ability to move up in social class. - They would improve their social rank through religious, scholarly, or military achievements. - In the Muslin world slavery was a common institution, the slaves were brought from conquered lands in Spain, Greece, Africa and etc, but Muslims could not be enslaved. - Most slaves worked ad household servants. B- An international trade network - Merchants were honored in the Muslim because Muhammad was a Merchant. - Muslim cities were typically organized by guilds, in which guilds were chosen by there members. - The Muslim world was divided into 2 kinds of land: “The desert and the sown”

10. II- Arts and Literature - Muslim art and literature reflected the diverse traditions of the people under Muslim rule A- Design and decoration - Arabesque: An intricate design composed of curved lines that suggest floral shapes, appeared in rugs, textiles and glassware. -Calligraphy: The art of beautiful handwriting -Dome of the rock: A great shrine capped with a magnificent dome. - Omar Khayyam was famous In the Muslim world as a scholar and astronomer III- The world of Learning - A philosopher Ibn Rushd also known as Avveroes, put all knowledge except the Quran to the test of reason. - Greatest Muslim mathematician al-Khwarizmi, pioneered the study of algebra. A- Medicine - Ibn sina, known as Avicenna was a Persian physician who wrote the Canon on Medicine: A huge encyclopedia of what Greeks, the Arabs about the diagnosis and treatments of diseases.

11. Section 4: Muslims In India I- The Delhi Sultanate - Sultanate: Land ruled by a sultan - Castes: Social groups from which they could not change II- Muslims and Hindus A- Muslim-Hindu difference - Hinduism was an ancient religion that had evolved over thousands of years, and they had many sacred texts and prayed before status representing many Gods and goddesses. - Islam, by contrast, was a newer faith with a single sacred text. - Muslims were devout Monotheists who saw the statues and carvings in Hindu temples as an offense to one true God. - Hindus accepts differences in caste status and honored Brahmans as a priestly caste. -Muslims taught the equality of all believers before God and had no religious Hierarchy

12. B- Interactions - Rajahs: Or local Hindu rulers - People who converted to Islam did so because it benefited their lifestyle. For example, Indian Merchants liked Islam because of the strong trade network across Muslim lands. III- Mughal India - Babur: Claimed descent from Genghis Khan and Tamerlane, who was a military genius, and a poet. - Babur swept away the remnants of the Delhi Sultanate and set up the Mughal Dynasty. A- Akbar the Great - Akbar: Babur’s grandson, who created a strong central government earning the title, Akbar the Great. - He ended the tax on non-Muslims and married himself a Hindu Princess. - Taj Mahal: Tomb that Akbar made for his wife when she died.

13. Section 5: The Ottoman and Safavid Empires I- Expanding the Ottoman Empire - The Ottomans were another Turkish- speaking nomadic people who migrated from central Asia. - Suleiman : Ottoman Sultan who was known to the people as “ Lawgiver”. He extended the empire in many new directions. II- Ottoman Culture - Suleiman had absolute power, but he ruled with the help of a council. - Ottoman law was based on the Sharia, supplemented by royal edicts. Government officials worked closely with religious scholars who interpreted the law. A- Social Organization - The Ottomans divided their subjects into four classes, each with a appointed role. - At the top were “ men of the pen” such as scientists lawyers and judges.

14. - Below that are the “Men and sword” soldiers who guarded the Sultan and defended the state. - Below them were “ Men of negotiation”, such as merchants, tax collectors, and artisans. - The last class are “men of husbandry”, farmers and herders who produced food for the community. - Millets: Religious communities B- Janizaries - Ottoman empire levied a tax on christian families, requiring them to turn over young sons to the government. They were converted to Islam and began to train. - Janizaries: The elite force of the Ottoman empire. - Like the boys, non-Muslim girls were brought to serve as slaves. - By the 1700’s the Ottoman empire declined. III- The Safavid Empire - The Safavid Empire is engaged in constant warfare, religion played a major role In the conflict. - The Safavid’s were Shiite Muslims who enforced their beliefs throughout their empire, and the Ottomans were Sunni Muslims who despised the Shiites as heretics.

15. A- Abbas the Great - Shah: King( Abbas the great was the shah) - To strengthen the economy, Abbas reduced taxes on farmers and herders and encouraged the growth of industry. - Isfahan: Magnificent new capital that was the center of international trade. B- Decline -Safavid glory slowly faded after the death of Abbas. - One cause of the decline was continuing pressure from Ottoman armies. - A new dynasty, the Qajars, won control of Iran and made Tehran there new capital.

16. Test your Knowledge 1.) Which activity occurred during the Golden age of Muslim culture? A- Destruction of books containing Greek and Roman ideas B- Beginning of pilgrimages to Mecca C- Opposition to freedom of thought and foreign ideas by rulers D- Major discoveries in mathematics and science 2.) The contributions of the golden age of Islamic civilization include A- Advances in mathematics B- Irrigation systems C- Polytheistic beliefs D- Gunpowder and guns 3.) A major feature of the Golden Age of Moslem culture was the A- Political and economic isolation of the Arab world B- Development of the foundations of modern science and mathematics C- Adoption of democratic government D- Persecution of Jews and Christians

17. 4.) Which factor helps explain the scientific and literary achievements of the Muslims during their Golden Age (A.D. 800-1300)? A- Expansion of trans-Atlantic trade B- Innovations introduced by the Europeans during the Renaissance C- Cultural diversity accepted by many Islamic governments D-legal equality of all people in the Islamic empire 5.) Mansa Musa’s journey to Mecca in the 1300’s is evidence that A- The Crusades had a great influence on western Africa B- Most African leaders were educated in the Middle East C- European culture was superior to the cultures of western Africa D- Islam had a major influence on the Mali Empire

18. Check your answers 1.) D- Major discoveries in mathematics and science 2.) A- Advances in mathematics 3.) B- Development of the foundations of modern science and mathematics 4.) C- Cultural diversity accepted by many Islamic governments 5.) D- Islam had a major influence on the Mali Empire Bibliography: - www.regentsprep.org