The Muslim World Expands Chapter 18

1. The Muslim World Expands Chapter 18

2. Rise of the Ottoman Empire • Byzantine Empire in decline • Mongols attacked the Seljuk kingdom • Anatolia inhabited by descendants of nomadic Turks • Lack of strong, central power • Ghazis and emir • Osman (or Othman) will build a Muslim state in Anatolia that will unite the Turks into an empire • His followers were known as the Ottomans • Why were the Ottomans successful? - advanced weapons Sultans would conquer surrounding lands including Byzantine territory

3. Ottoman Expansion • Murad II will expand Ottoman Empire through 1566 • Mehmed II, or Mehmed the Conqueror, will launch attack on Constantinople in 1453. Why? - wanted control over sea routes, in particular the Bosporus Strait Renamed it Istanbul Under, Selim the Grim,Ottomans also take over various Islamic Holy cities: -Cairo, Egypt - Mecca and Medina

4. Ottoman Empire and decline • Suleyman the Lawgiver- expansion of empire: • Eastern Mediterranean • North African coastline • Advancement into Europe (Hungary and Austria) Highly Structure Social Organization - Bureaucracy and Janissaries - code of laws - art, literature, and architecture will flourish under his reign Decline: Incompetent and uneducated rulers would follow Suleyman

5. Cultural Blending: Safavid Empire • Shi’ite Muslim dynasty in Persia • Empire was a mix of traditions of Persians, Ottomans, and Arabs • Geography: located between Ottomans and Mughal Empire • Concentrated on building powerful military • Isma’il conquers Persia: • - 14 year old conquers Iran by 1451 • - shah, or ‘king’ • Kills many Sunnis

6. Safavid’s golden age • Shah Abbas, or Abbas the Great, will take throne in 1587 • helps create a thriving Safavid culture • Reforms military and government • Establishes capital of Esfahan • Allowed Christian trade • Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles • High demand for Persian carpets • Decline of Empire: Shah Abbas kills and blinds his ablest songs. Incompetent grandson comes to power. Empire slowly loses land to Ottomans and Afghans Empire officially falls apart in 1747

7. Mughal Empire • Mughal Empire will bring Turks, Persians, and Indians together in a vast empire Origins: -Gupta Empire fell apart in late 400s -Series of invasions from Muslim Turks and Afghans. Their leader was a descendant from Genghis Khan. -These invaders called themselves Mughals, or Mongols Political conflict between Hindus and Muslims By 1000, India had become a loose empire of Turkish warlords known as the Delphi Sultanate

8. Expansion of Empire • Babur, 11-year-old boy, will inherit parts of land in Central Asia. Babur will establish an army and the foundation for the Mughal Empire. He conquered various lands (much of Northern India) for the Mughal Empire. • Akbar, means ‘Greatest One,’ will come to power: • Focused on building a powerful, massive army • Muslim, but defended religious freedom • Abolished the tax that Muslims had placed on non-Muslims • Allowed all people a chance to serve in high government office • His finance minister will help develop a tax plan • Embraced different cultures • Art and literature will flourish during his reign

9. Akbar’s Successors • Jahangir and NurJahan - “Grasper of the World” -Wife, NurJahan, held the real political power -Favors Khusrau until he rebels against Jahangir -Rejection of Khusrau becomes basis for future conflict between Mughals and Sikhs (a non-violent religious group) • Shah Jahan (Jahangir’s son) will come to power: • - TajMahal

10. Decline of Mughal Empire • Aurangzeb’s Reign: -Aggressive Empire builder -Lost of power due to oppression of people -Tax on non-Muslims -Banned construction of new temples and destroyed Hindu monuments -Increased amount of enemies At the end of his reign, empire had been drained of resources: -2 million die in famine -independent states - Western tradersarrive