Unit 8 Modals

1. Unit 8 Modals María Casas Gómez Javier Álvarez-Casariego

2. Must • Must can be used to express obligation • Ex: you must do exactly what the exam questions ask you to do • Mustn't expresses prohibition • Ex: You mustn't talk during the exam • The past form of must is had to and the negative wasn´t • Ex: We had to write to compositions last week • Ex: We weren´t allowed to take any books to the exam • Must can be used to express certainty • Ex: That must be john, I recognize his hair • The past form of must expressing certainty is must + have + past participle. • Ex: The train is late, the heavy snow must have caused delays • Must be going to + infinitive is used to make deductions about the future. • Ex: They bought lots of paint, They must be going to decorate

3. Must and mustn't are used to give strong advice • Ex: You must stop smoking • Ex: You mustn't give up hope • Must and mustn't are used to make recommendations • Ex: You must see Spielberg's new film, it´s brilliant • Ex: You mustn't miss it • Must and mustn't are used to talk about strong necessity • Ex: We must have oxygen to survive

4. Will and would • Will and would are used to make polite invitations and requests, but would is more polite. • Ex: “ Will/would you sit here, please?” • Will and wont are used to describe habits and characteristic behavior in the present and in general. • Ex: “He will watch TV all evening. Sometimes he wont talk for hours” • Would and wouldn't are used to talk about past habits and characteristics. • Ex: “He would insist on smoking. It killed him in the end, of course” • Will is used to express demands, insist that something happens in the future or express determination. • Ex: “I will go there I want and don’t try to stop me!”

5. Ought to and should. • Ought to and should are used to say that something seems likely because it is logical or normal. • Ex: “It is 6 o clock. He ought to/ should be home soon.” • Ought to and should can be used to give advice or suggest that something would be a good idea. • Ex: “You ought to/ should tell her how you feel.” • Ought to and should are used to talk about duty and express weak obligation. • Ex: “People ought to/ should wait in the queue and not push in.” • Ought to and should are used to criticize actions or attitudes. • Ex: “People ought to/ should show more respect for old people.”

6. Ought to and should are used to talk about the importance of doing something. • Ex: “The manager suggested that we ought to/ should leave the restaurant as quickly as possible.” • Ought to and should are used to talk about necessity. • -Ex: “Sport clothes should be light and allow you to move easily.” • The negative forms are ought not to or oughtn't to and should not or shouldn't. • -Ex: “You oughtn't to/ shouldn’t be late on your first day at work.” • The past forms are ought to/ should+have + past participle. • -Ex: “You ought to have/ should have told us you were coming.”

7. Exercices 1. This ________ be dangerous if you don't have the right equipment. 2. You ________ yell at your parents. It's not nice. 3. I ________ have seen that movie eight times. 4. I can't allow you to hang around here = I ________ have you hanging around here. 5. Isn't that Charlie's umbrella? Yes, he ________ have left it here yesterday. 6. ________ I borrow your pen for a minute?7. ________ you speak Japanese? No, I can't. 8. It's late. I ________ get going. 9. I saw that pen this morning... it ________ be around here somewhere.   can10. I ________ understand what he's saying.

8. Answers • Can • Shouldn´t • Must • Can´t • Must • Can • Can • Should • Must • Can´t