Endocrine System

1. Endocrine System Laura Silva Carolina Formoso Rosalba Salgado Megan Michel Amanda Roldan

2. What is the Endocrine System? • The Endocrine System is instrumental in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue function, metabolism and sexual function and reproduction process.

3. What does the Endocrine System do? • When a hormone is secreted, it travels from the gland that it is produced from to the bloodstream to the cells designed to receive its message. • These cells are called target cells • On its way to the target cells, special proteins bind to some of the hormones. • These proteins act as carriers that control the amount of hormone that is available for the cells to use. • The target cells have receptors that latch onto specific hormones, and each hormone has its own receptor as well. • When the hormone reaches its target cell, it locks onto the cell’s specific receptors and they transmit chemical instructions to the inner working of the cell. • When the hormone levels reach a certain amount, the endocrine system helps the body to keep that level of hormone in the blood.

4. The Foundations • The foundations of the Endocrine System are hormones and glands. • Hormones • Transfer information and instructions form one set of cells to another. • Glands • A group of cells that produce and secretes, or gives off, chemicals. A gland selects and removes materials from the blood, process them, and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere in the body. • The major Glands that make up the human endocrine system are the: • Pineal Gland • Hypothalamus • Pituitary Gland • Thyroid • Parathyroid • Thymus • Adrenal Glands • Pancreas • Reproductive Glands

5. Pineal • Pineal body or Pineal gland, is located in the middle of the brain • Secretes Melatonin • Hormone that may help you regulate when you sleep at night and when you wake up in the morning.

6. Hypothalamus • Hypothalamus- a collection of specialized cells that is located in the lower central part of the brain, the main link between the Endocrine and Nervous System • Nerves in the Hypothalamus control the Pituitary gland by producing chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the pituitary.

7. Pituitary • Pituitary Gland- located at the base of the brain just beneath the hypothalamus, is considered the most important part of the endocrine system. Often called “the master gland” • It makes hormones that control several other endocrine glands. • Endorphins- chemicals that act on the nervous system and reduce feelings of pain • Pituitary secretes hormones that signal the reproductive organs to make sex hormones. • Controls ovulation and the menstrual cycle in woman • Divided into 2 parts • Posterior Lobe • Oxytocin • Triggers contractions of the uterus in a woman having a baby. • Antidiuretic hormone • Helps control balance of water in the body • Anterior Lobe • Growth Hormone • Corticotrophin • Stimulates the adrenal gland to produce certain hormones • Thyrotropin • Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones • Prolactin • Activates milk production in woman who are breast feeding.

8. Thyroid • Thyroid- located in the front part of the lower neck, is shaped like a bow tie or a butterfly • Thyroids are important because they help kid’s and teen’s bones grow and develop, and they play a role in the development of the brain and nervous system in kids • Production and release of thyroid hormones controlled by Thyrotropin (secreted by pituitary gland) • Produces Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine • Control the rate at which cells burn fuels from food to produce energy. • The more thyroid hormone in a person’s bloodstream, the faster chemical reactions occur in the body.

9. Parathyroids • The Parathyroids are 4 little glands that are attached to the thyroid. • Release Parathyroid Hormone • Regulate the level of calcium in the blood with the help of calcitonin(produced in the thyroids)

10. Thymus • Located behind the breastbone in the upper part of the chest • Has two lobes made of lymphoid tissue and contains white blood cells and fat • It grows until puberty and then begins to shrink • Transforms lymphocytes into T-cells

11. Adrenal Glands • The body has 2 Adrenal Glands, one on top of each kidney. • Has 2 layers, different functions • Adrenal Cortex • Outer layer, regulate salt and water balance in the body, the body’s response to stress, metabolism, the immune system, and sexual development and function • Adrenal Medulla • Inner layer, adrenaline, increases blood pressure and heart rate when body experiences stress.

12. Pancreas • Located in the deep abdomen sandwiched between stomach and spine • Made up of glandular tissue and a system of ducts • Produces and secretes digestive enzymes • Produces important hormones called insulin and glucagon • Maintains steady level of glucose in the blood and keep the body supplied with energy.

13. Reproductive Glands Gonads are the main source of sex hormones. BOTH MALES AND FEMALES HAVE GONADS The female gonads are the ovaries Located in the pelvis Produce eggs and secrete estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is involved when a girl begins to to go through puberty Breast growth Body fat around the hips and thighs A growth spurt Regulation of menstrual cycle. • The male gonads are called testes • Located in the scrotum • produce hormones called androgens • Most important is testosterone • Works with pituitary gland to start production of sperm I the testes • These hormones tell a guy when its time to make the changes associated with puberty • Deepening voice • Growth in height and penis • Growth in facial and pubic hair.

14. Hyperthyroidism A condition in which the levels of the thyroid hormones in the blood are very high in the thyroid gland. Treatment: Treatment is based on age, type of hyperthyroidism, severity of hyperthyroidism, and other conditions. Anti-thyroid drugs, surgery, or beta blockers Symptoms: Nervousness, irritability, increased perspiration, heart racing, hand tremors, anxiety, difficulty sleeping, thinning of your skin, fine brittle hair and weakness in your muscles Statistics: Affects 2-5% of all women daily between 20-40 years old Women are affected 10 times more than men

15. Hypothyroidism • A condition in which the levels of the thyroid hormones in the blood are very low in the thyroid gland. • Treatment: • Cannot be treated but can be cured • Replacing the amount of hormones that your own thyroid can no longer make, to bring your T4 and TSH back to normal levels • Symptoms: • Feel colder, you tire more easily, skin gets dry, become forgetful and depressed, and even become constipated. • Statistics: • 1-2 % occurs more commonly in women (8-10 times) • Six times more commonly in females than in males

16. Diabetes (diabetes mellitus) Adisorder of metabolism, the way the body uses digested food for growth and energy Excess amounts of certain hormones that work against the action of insulin can cause diabetes. Treatment: To minimize any elevation of blood sugar without causing abnormally low levels of blood sugar Symptoms: Frequent urination, unusual thirst, extreme hunger, unusual weight lost, and extreme fatigue and irritability Statistics: 8.3 % of the American population have diabetes

17. Endocrinologist Diagnose and treat diseases that affect your glands and restore normal balance of hormones in your system Salary: Earn $212,281 per year Training:4 years of medical school, 3 or 4 years in residency and internship, and 2 or 3 more years learning how to diagnose and treat hormone conditions

18. Nutritionist • Advice people in what to eat in order to lead a healthy lifestyle or achieve a specific health-related goal • Salary: $53,250 per year • Training: Bachelors degree, participation in supervised training, and license.

19. Nuclear Medicine Technologist • They use a scanner to create images of various areas of a patient’s body. They prepare radioactive drugs and administer them to the patient undergoing scans. The radioactive drugs cause abnormal areas of the body to appear different from normal areas in the images. • Salary:$68,560 per year • Training: Associates degree in nuclear medicine technology and must be licensed in some states

20. Pituitary Thyroid Thymus Adrenal Pancreas Ovaries Testes