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From the Paleolithic to the neolithic :. The Sedentarization of Man Sec. 1 History Miss Witczak , HRHS. What were some of the characteristics of the Paleolithic Era (the Old Stone Age)?. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PALEOLITHIC ERA. Approx. 2 MILLION BCE to 9000 BCE
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From the Paleolithic to the neolithic: The Sedentarization of Man Sec. 1 History Miss Witczak, HRHS.
What were some of the characteristics of the Paleolithic Era (the Old Stone Age)?
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PALEOLITHIC ERA • Approx. 2 MILLION BCE to 9000 BCE • Lived in SMALL GROUPS OF 20-30 PEOPLE • HUNTER-GATHERERS • Division of LABOUR: • Men HUNTED and FISHED • Women GATHERED food and CARED FOR CHILDREN. • NOMADIC • Followed WILD GAME and RIPENING FRUIT • Invented CLOTHING • Made TOOLS from ROCK, WOOD and BONE. • CAVE PAINTINGS were RELIGIOUS RITUALS. • Eventually learned how to MAKE FIRE.
WHAT CHANGED? • Sedentarization is THE PERMANENT ESTABLISHMENT OF A PEOPLE IN A TERRITORY. • This began in APPROX. 12 000 BCE. • People began to SEDENTARIZE in the MIDDLE EAST. • This area is called the FERTILE CRESCENT. • It is so-named because of its GEOGRAPHICAL SHAPE and the RICHNESS OF ITS SOIL. • Today, this region includes ISRAEL, JORDAN, SYRIA, LEBANON and EGYPT.
The Neolithic Period • The NEOLITHIC PERIOD is characterized by the SEDENTARIZATION OF HUMANS. • This word is of GREEK origin and it is made of of the words NEOS, meaning “NEW” and LITHOS, meaning “STONE”. • It is also called the NEW STONE AGE.
Conditions Which Allowed for Sedentarization • AGRICULTURE • Emerged around 10 000 BCE in the FERTILE CRESCENT. • This is called the AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION • Humans noticed that SEEDS buried in the EARTH would sprout and grow into PLANTS. • They used this OBSERVATION to develop AGRICULTURE. • By FARMING, sedentary peoples could obtain LARGER AMOUNTS OF FOOD and learned that PLANTS could be made into TEXTILES (FABRICS TO MAKE CLOTHES).
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY • Emerged around 8000 BCE. • People realized they could DOMESTICATE ANIMALS which ATE GRAIN. • CAPTURED HERDS of animals and kept them in ENCLOSURES. • Raised ANIMALS for FOOD. • DOGS used for HUNTING and GUARDING herds. • Approx. 4 000 BCE, humans use DONKEYS and HORSES as BEASTS OF BURDEN. • WOVE WOOL and USED FUR from certain animals (ex: SHEEP, RABBITS, LLAMAS) to make CLOTHING.
Check It Out! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuVK6aHZyfQ This short video illustrates a hypothesis about the human domestication of animals, most notably dogs. There is a reason they’re called Man’s Best Friend: they’ve been with us for over 13 000 years!
Societal Ties • A society is a CERTAIN NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS who: • LIVE TOGETHER • COORDINATE THEIR ACTIVITIES • SETTLE IN A TERRITORY • ORGANIZE THEMSELVES TO BETTER MEET THEIR NEEDS • ESTABLISH LASTING RELATIONSHIPS
How Were Neolithic Societies Organized? • Land Development • People SETTLED near their AGRICULTURAL FIELDS and PASTURES. • VILLAGES were very CONDENSED, meaning that the BUILDINGS were CLOSE TOGETHER. • Surrounded by a STONE WALL • Housed 150-200 PEOPLE. • CATAL HUYUK is one of the WORLD’S OLDEST VILLAGES. • It is located in PRESENT-DAY TURKEY. • Home to 7000 PEOPLE. • Houses were SQUARE or RECTANGULAR and made of BRICK. • NO STREETS: houses were CONNECTED TO ONE ANOTHER. • INSIDE WALLS were painted with FRESCOES.
Notion of Ownership • When HUMAN BEINGS began producing their OWN FOOD, they started to CLAIM TERRITORY for themselves. • People wanted to PROTECT THEIR CROPS. • FERTILE LANDS became a SOURCE OF CONFLICT.
Division Of Labour • As a result of FOOD SURPLUS, the POPULATION GREW. • New DIVISION OF LABOUR • SKILLED TRADES emerged. • SPECIAL TRAINING developed for CERTAIN JOBS. • NEW ACTIVITIES included MINING, BASKET-MAKING, POTTERY, WEAVING, METALLURGY and WAR. • New JOBS lead to new SOCIAL GROUPS within the SOCIETIES.
TRADE • NEOLITHIC PEOPLES exchanged GOODS and SERVICES without the use of MONEY. • This is called the BARTER SYSTEM. • Ex: LIVESTOCK BREEDERS exchanged MILK for JARS or BASKETS. • ARCHAEOLOGISTS know that the NEOLITHIC PEOPLE traded ACROSS REGIONS because they found RAW MATERIALS far away from their REGIONS OF ORIGIN. • This means that MERCHANTS travelled LONG DISTANCES to TRADE PRODUCTS.
POLITICAL POWER • In NEOLITHIC VILLAGES, the amount of WORK that needed to be done required a great deal of ORGANIZATION. • SOCIETIES needed POLITICAL STRUCTURE. • SOCIAL HIERARCHIES developed due to POWER DIFFERENCES between GROUPS. • VILLAGE COUNCIL Hypothesis: • An ASSEMBLY gathers together the FAMILIES of the village to make COMMUNITY-BASED DECISIONS. • CENTRAL AUTHORITY Hypothesis: • A SINGLE LEADER, advised by his CLOSE FAMILY and FRIENDS, controls the VILLAGE and COORDINATES the work.
