From Republic to Empire

1. From Republic to Empire Rome’s 500 Years of Expansion Mrs. Earl

2. Rome’s Four Periods of Expansion • Rome defeats the Latins and Etruscans to gain control of the Italian Peninsula 509 B.C.E. – 264 B.C.E. • Rome defeats Carthage in a series of Punic Wars spanning over 100 years • Rome conquers the Mediterranean world from 145 B.C.E. to 44 B.C.E. • Empire period – expansion to natural boundaries

3. #1 Rome Gains Control of the Italian Peninsula • Almost 200 years of constant warfare • Rome conquered the Latins, then the Etruscans • Allies made of these former enemies • The Romans had control of the Italian Peninsula by 263 B.C.E. • A permanent army made up of plebeians was established.

4. Rome and Cathage fought for control of the western Mediterranean Sea for over 100 years. Three major periods of fighting: First Punic War Fought at sea. Carthage had a powerful navy. To defeat Carthage, Rome copied the Carthaginian navy and won in 264 B.C.E. Rome gained Sicily, as well as other islands. # 2 The Punic Wars

5. Second Punic War • General Hannibal of Carthage marched his army across the Alps to Rome for a surprise attack. • Hannibal’s men fought on the Italian peninsula for 15 YEARS – but never attacked the city of Rome! • Rome attacked the city of Carthage • Hannibal returned to defend Carthage • Carthage lost/Rome gained Spain and control of important Mediterranean trade routes

6. Third Punic War • 50 years of peace between the Second and Third Punic War • Lasted 3 years. • The Roman Senate demanded the total destruction of Carthage • Rome won/Carthaginians became slaves. • Rome now the greatest power in the Mediterranean • Rome now controlled North Africa, Spain, Greece and Macedonia.

7. Cost of the Punic Wars • Rome’s new power came at a price • Families mourned soldiers who had died • Farms destroyed or in ruins • Small farms were replaced by large estates with slaves

8. Wealthy Country with Problems Non-citizens rebelled against taxes Slave Revolts Spartacus’ Revolt -Thousands of slaves were hung as a punishment. Mobs in cities unhappy- too few jobs “Armies” fought in civil wars One civil war changed history… #3 Final Years of the Republic Rome Controls the Mediterranean

9. Pompey vs. Caesar • Pompey had Senate’ s Support • The Senate forbade Caesar from bringing his army into Italy. • Caesar crossed Rubicon River in 49 B.C.E. • Caesar fought Pompey for three years and won. • Caesar named dictator for life, ending the Republic • Caesar created many reforms: • Started public projects to give thousands jobs • He kept the poor happy by offering free gladiator fights

10. Julius Caesar murdered.-10 years of Civil War followed. Octavian, Julius Caesar’s grandnephew and adopted son, ultimate winner. Octavian allowed the Senate authority in Rome. The Senate named Octavian, Augustus. – honored Emperor Augustus : Encouraged art, education, and literature Sponsored major building projects (Temples/Libraries) Created the first police force, first firefighters Refined the calendar (the same one we use today!) Ruled over 50 million people Created a solid economic system Trade routes reached as far as China. Punished people for being unfaithful to husbands/wives. #4 Rome Becomes an Empire

11. PAX Romana – Roman Peace • Augustus' reign started a period of peace which lasted for 200 years. This time is known as the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) • Defending the large empire became increasingly hard and costly as it went on…