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Chapter 4 Socialization

Chapter 4 Socialization. Why Is Socialization Important Around the Globe? Social Psychological Theories of Human Development Sociological Theories of Human Development Agents of Socialization. Chapter 4 Socialization. Gender and Racial‑Ethnic Socialization

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Chapter 4 Socialization

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  1. Chapter 4 Socialization • Why Is Socialization Important Around the Globe? • Social Psychological Theories of Human Development • Sociological Theories of Human Development • Agents of Socialization

  2. Chapter 4 Socialization • Gender and Racial‑Ethnic Socialization • Socialization Through the Life Course • Resocialization • Socialization in the Future

  3. Importance of Socialization • Enables us to develop our human potential and learn ways of thinking, talking, and acting that are necessary for social living. • Essential for the survival and stability of society. • Allows society to pass culture on to the next generation.

  4. Human Development • Humans are a product of biology, society and personal experiences. • Most human actions, except for reflexes, are social in cause or consequence. • Individuals who are isolated as children never fully develop emotionally or intellectually.

  5. Freud and the Psychoanalytic Perspective • Human behavior and personality originate from unconscious forces within individuals. • Human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of personality: • Id • Ego • Superego

  6. Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development • Birth to age 1 - Trust versus mistrust. • Ages 1 to 3 -Autonomy versus shame and doubt. • Ages 3 to 5 - Initiative versus guilt. • Ages 6 to 11- Industry versus inferiority.

  7. Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development • Ages 12-18 - Identity versus role confusion. • Ages 18 to 35 - Intimacy versus isolation. • Ages 35 to 55 - Generativity versus self-absorption. • Maturity and old age - Integrity versus despair.

  8. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development • Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) - Understand the world through sensory contact and immediate action. • Preoperational stage (age 2 to 7) - Use words as symbols and form mental images.

  9. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development • Concrete operational stage ( age 7 to 11) - Think in terms of tangible objects and events. • Formal operational stage (12 and up) - Begin to think about the future and evaluate different courses of action.

  10. Kohlberg’sStages of Moral Development • Preconventional level (ages 7 to 10)Children’s perceptions are based on punishment and obedience. • Conventional level (10 through adulthood)People are concerned with how they are perceived by peers and how one conforms to rules.

  11. Kohlberg’sStages of Moral Reasoning • Postconventional level (few adults reach this stage)People view morality in terms of individual rights; “moral conduct” is judged by principles based on human rights that transcend government and laws.

  12. Gilligan’s Stages of Female Moral Development • Stage 1: A woman is motivated primarily by selfish concerns. • Stage 2: She recognizes her responsibility to others. • Stage 3: She makes a decision based on her desire to do the greatest good for herself and for others.

  13. Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self Self-concept derived from a 3 step process: • We imagine how our personality and appearance will look to other people. • We imagine how other people judge the appearance and personality that we think we present. • We develop a self-concept.

  14. Mead and Role-taking The self is divided into the “I” and the “Me”: • “I” represents the unique traits of each person. • “Me” is composed of attitudes and demands of others and the awareness of those demands. • “I” develops first. “Me” is formed during three stages of self development.

  15. Mead’s Three Stages of Self-Development • Preparatory Stage (up to age 3)Children prepare for role-taking by imitating the people around them. • Play Stage (3 - 5)Children begin to see themselves in relation to others.

  16. Mead’s Three Stages of Self-Development • Game Stage (early school years)Children understand their social position and the positions of those around them.Children become concerned about the demands and expectations of others.

  17. Agents of Socialization • Family • School • Peer Group • Mass Media

  18. Racial Socialization • Socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of racial status as it relates to: • Personal and group identity • Intergroup and interindividual relationships • Position in the social hierarchy.

  19. Resocialization • Voluntary - assuming a new status by choice (Student, employee, retiree). • Involuntary -assuming a new status against one’s wishes (jail, mental hospital).

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