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Introduction:

Introduction:. Hydro Storage. Storage Forms. Storage Scales. small, medium, large, extra large. etc. Current H 2 Storage Methods. Gaseous storage relies on steel pressure vessels and the compression of hydrogen. 

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Introduction:

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  1. Introduction: Hydro Storage

  2. Storage Forms

  3. Storage Scales small, medium, large, extra large etc.

  4. Current H2 Storage Methods Gaseous storage relies on steel pressure vessels and the compression of hydrogen.  Liquid storage relies on similar pressure vessels and compression. The liquid hydrogen must be kept at a very low temperature: minus 423 degrees F. Hydrogen Batteries, or solid storage, convert chemical energy into electrical energy.

  5. Gaseous Storage • Energy density of gaseous hydrogen can be improved by storing hydrogen at higher pressures. • Tank integrity is an important consideration. • Volumetric capacity, high pressure and cost are thus key challenges for compressed hydrogen tanks

  6. Current Uses – Gaseous Storage • HyHaulerTM with TriShieldTM storage tanks from Quantum Technologies (5 kg). • Consumer vehicles (even SUVs!). • General Motors has delivered a hydrogen powered HUMMER to the California Governor's office, dubbed the H2H. • Hydrogen refueling stations in Hawai’i, California, Washington D.C. and metro areas near you!

  7. HyHaulerTM • Compresses and stores the hydrogen in a transportable package. • Self-sustaining hydrogen refueling station that requires only electricity and water. • Cost-effective hydrogen infrastructure using a modular transportable system that can expand as demand grows.

  8. Arnie’s on board! The H2H uses a supercharged version of the truck's original Vortec 6000 (6.0-liter V-8) internal combustion engine.

  9. Refueling Stations

  10. Storage Caverns Hydrogen gas could be stored in aquifers, salt caverns or rock caverns, as well as depleted oil and gas fields. England and France both have long term experience in underground hydrogen storage.

  11. Storage Caverns Storage caverns would be good for large-scale storage of hydrogen. Hydrogen stored subsurface can be piped just like natural gas, so we can use existing natural gas pipelines. Storing hydrogen in caverns would be inexpensive.

  12. Liquid Storage • Liquid hydrogen (LH2) tanks can store more hydrogen in a given volume than compressed gas tanks. • The energy requirement for hydrogen liquefaction is high; typically 30% of the heating value of hydrogen is required for liquefaction.

  13. Current Uses – Liquid Storage NASA is the primary consumer of liquid hydrogen for fuel. • The second stage of the Saturn 5 rocket that took 3 men to the moon used liquid hydrogen. Large white spheres to the left of launch pad are liquid hydrogen storage tanks.

  14. Hydrogen Batteries (Solid Storage) • Amount of energy the device can supply is not limited by the volume of the device. • Separate power and energy modules, so the hydrogen battery can be refueled and reused. • There are a several options for storing hydrogen for use in hydrogen batteries, but many have important draw-backs. • Metal Hydrides are by far the most efficient and successful.

  15. Metal Hydrides • This method uses an alloy that can absorb and hold large amounts of hydrogen by bonding with hydrogen and forming hydrides. A hydrogen storage alloy is capable of absorbing and releasing hydrogen without compromising its own structure. • The main obstacle in chemically storing hydrogen is the hydrogen to weight ratio of the storage media. That is, it is desirable to store a large amount of hydrogen in the lightest unit. • Once a negative electrode is fabricated, it must be activated, or charged, with hydrogen. Then, during the battery's lifetime, it proceeds through many hydriding / dehydriding cycles.

  16. Current Uses – H2 Batteries • Nickel-Hydrogen batteries are currently the most popular space battery, with a 10-20 year lifetime. • Storage of home wind or solar energy surplus. • Cell phones, laptops, portable electronics & more • Other remote area portable electronics, such as military and medical equipment.

  17. Hyundai Santa Fe • 60 kW electric drive system. • SUV powered by Panasonic nickel metal hydride batteries. • Utilizes the rapid charging stations installed around the island of Oahu under the EV Ready State Project.

  18. Hyundai Tucson • Driving range double that of Hyundai's first-generation vehicle, the Santa Fe FCEV. • Driving range extended to 300 km (186 miles) thanks to its 152-liter (40-gallon) specially-developed hydrogen storage tanks.

  19. GM Sees the Future • Powered off of electricity or sunlight. • The expectation is that early adopters will be able to fill up their own vehicles at home while they wait for the hydrogen infrastructure to be built out. • Honda has begun work on a similar product.

  20. Areas for Continued Progress • Storage capacity • Energy costs • Material costs

  21. Promising Solutions

  22. Carbon Nanotubes • DOE states that a storage material needs to store 6.5% hydrogen by weight. • Carbon nanotubes may store up to 10% of their weight in hydrogen. -National Renewable Energy Laboratory

  23. Carbon Nanotubes: Theoretical Examples A titanium-coated carbon nanotube could store 8% hydrogen by volume.1 A lithium-coated carbon sphere (a “buckyball” could hold 9% hydrogen by volume. 1) T. Yildirim and S. Ciraci, "Titanium-Decorated Carbon Nanotubes as a Potential High-Capacity Hydrogen Storage Medium", Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, p. 175501 (2005). (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/06/050604203624.htm) 2) First principles hydrogen storage on Li12C60. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,128 (30), 9741 -9745, 2006

  24. Carbon Nanotubes The Department of Energy awarded $150 million in grant money in 2004 to focus on hydrogen storage alone.

  25. One example: James Tour, Rice University • Program goals (2010): • Meet DOE’s goal of 6% hydrogen storage by weight • Mass produce optimized material • Avoid use of precious heavy metals Source:James Tour, Rice University http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review06/st_26_tour.pdf

  26. Carbon Nanotubes The Cost: • “Presently available in bulk quantities for about $1000/kg, compared to $1000/g ~7 years ago.” • Price of bulk nanotubes decreases by about a factor of 10 every 3 years. Source: James Tour, Rice University http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review06/st_26_tour.pdf

  27. Solution 2: Tablets • Solid storage of hydrogen accomplished by infusing ammonia into sea salts. • Store 9.1% hydrogen by weight. • Virtually no necessary safety precautions with the solid tablets.

  28. Hydro Pill “Should you drive a car 600 km using gaseous hydrogen at normal pressure, it would require a fuel tank with a size of nine cars. With our technology, the same amount of hydrogen can be stored in a normal gasoline tank.” -Professor Claus Hviid Christensen, Department of Chemistry at DTU.

  29. Hydro Pill • Ammonia is the second most commonly produced chemical in the world. • A large infrastructure for making, transporting and distributing ammonia already exists. • YAY, WE HAVE IT!

  30. Small is Profitable • It is cost prohibitive to store electricity in large quantities, and so it effectively has a short shelf-life – kind of like milk. • Modularity improves the rate of response to demand changes – no more overbuilding to meet expected demands or grid-locking major transmission lines.

  31. “hasta la vista, fossil fuels.”

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