Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence

1. TRADOC DCSINT Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command

2. FM 7-100.1 Opposing Force Operations OPFOR FM 7-100.1 Opposing Force: Operations Chapter 11 NBC and Smoke Operations

3. OPFOR NBC Preparedness • Locate & destroy enemy NBC capability • Multiple OPFOR options • Precision weapons capable of conventional and NBC effects • OPFOR NBC used to deter aggression or in retaliation against attack • Delivered by SSM, artillery, aircraft, and SPF • Enemy NBC delivery means receive highest priority in targeting

4. Staff Responsibility • Offensive operations • Chief of WMD responsible for planning use of WMD • Provides advice to OSC commander and staff on NBC issues • Supported by liaison teams • Defensive operations • Chief of force protection responsible for NBC defense • Supported by liaison teams

5. Chemical WarfareWeapons and Agents • Delivery means include aircraft, MRLs, artillery, mines, rockets, and SSMs • Include both lethal and nonlethal agents • Include persistent and nonpersistent agents

6. Chemical WarfareOther Toxic Chemicals • Toxic Industrial Chemicals • Near universal availability • Weapon of opportunity • Threat from collateral damage • Household Chemicals • Mixtures can create chemical reactions • Results can be explosions, fires, and toxic materials

7. Chemical WarfareChemical Release • Most likely to use chemicals than other NBC weapons systems • NCA holds initial authorization for release • Subsequent release authorized by commanders

8. Chemical WarfareOffensive Chemical Employment • Basic principle is surprise • Nonpersistent agents used on axes planned for OPFOR use • Persistent agents used on targets conventional and precision weapons cannot destroy

9. Chemical WarfareDefensive Chemical Employment • Disrupt enemy assembly areas • Limit maneuver • Deny routes of advance • Destroy momentum • Deny terrain • Canalize attacking forces

10. Nuclear Warfare • OPFOR continuously plans for nuclear use • State will retaliate with nuclear weapons if attacked with them • More likely to use nuclear weapons on regional opponents • Delivery means include aircraft, SSMs, artillery, and SPF

11. Nuclear WarfareTypes of Nuclear Attack • Massed attack • Multiple munitions used simultaneously or in a short period of time • Goal to destroy a single large/several enemy formations • Individual attack • Goal to destroy a single target • Consists of a single weapon

12. Nuclear WarfareNuclear Release • NCA holds initial authorization for release • Initial fire plan developed at national level • Subsequent use may be delegated to OSC commander

13. Nuclear WarfareOffensive Nuclear Employment • Mass and surprise for initial use • Initial objective to isolate the battlefield • Used to set conditions for exploitation force • Planning centers on countering enemy use of nuclear weapons, maintaining the initiative, and maintaining fire superiority

14. Nuclear WarfareDefensive Nuclear Employment • Primary uses include— • Destroy nuclear/precision weapons • Destroy main attacks • Eliminate penetrations • Support counterattacks • Deny areas to the enemy • Conduct preemptive attack • Results allow OPFOR to switch to offense

15. Biological WarfareWeapons and Agents • Agents include pathogenic microbes, microorganism toxins, and bioregulating compounds • Provide wide-area coverage • Persistent agents can last for weeks • Incubation periods delay effects

16. Biological WarfareDelivery Means • Aerosols are most efficient • Biological munitions include • Point-source bomblets • Line-source tanks • Delivery systems • Rockets • Artillery • Aircraft • Saboteurs • SPF/sympathizers/insurgents/terrorists • Infected rodents

17. Biological WarfareTargets • Nuclear delivery units • Airfields • Logistics facilities • C2 centers • Food supplies/water sources • Troop concentrations • Convoys • Population centers

18. Biological WarfareBiological Release • NCA holds release authority • Major concern over controlling epidemics • Incubation period allows deniability by the State Plague Flea Anthrax

19. NBC Protection • Capability equal to extraregional forces • Operational-Tactical responses to NBC threat: • Delivery system destruction • Dispersion of forces • Speed of advance • C3D • Continuous contact • Chemical defense units responsible for all NBC protection and reconnaissance • Equipment includes protective clothing, vehicle overpressure & filtration systems, NBC reconnaissance, and decontamination

20. Smoke • OPFOR plans extensive smoke use • Smoke companies allocated to OSCs • Agents include both neutral and toxic smoke

21. Smoke (Continued) Delivery systems include— • Grenades • VEESS • Smoke barrels, drums, & pots • Mortar, artillery, and rockets • Ground & air spray tanks • Smoke bombs • Ground & air large area smoke generators

22. Smokescreens OPFOR employs three types • Blinding – mask friendly forces from enemy observation • Camouflage – supports C3D measures • Decoy – deceive the enemy about troop location and direction of attack

23. Strategic Context • Regional operations • Low probability of retaliation by neighbors • Early use of chemical weapons • Transition operations • Disrupt deployment of extraregional force • Target C2,logistics, RISTA, and contractors • Coordinated with IW plan • Adaptive operations • Allow no sanctuary for the enemy • Continue to coordinate with IW plan

24. NBC and Smoke OperationsSummary • Preparedness • Staff responsibility • Chemical warfare • Nuclear warfare • Biological warfare • NBC protection • Smoke • Strategic context