Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence

1. TRADOC DCSINT Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command

2. FM 7-100.3 Opposing Force: Paramilitary and Nonmilitary Organizations and Tactics Chapter 4 Terrorist Organization and Tactics

3. Types of Terrorist Groups • Autonomous • Loosely Affiliated • State-sponsored

4. Types of Terrorist GroupsAutonomous • Formal • Single-Issue Example: The Bloque Nacionalista Galego is a formal terrorist group of the Basque Separatist Movement. Example: The predominant issue of the Animal Liberation Front is to halt the fur trade.

5. Types of Terrorist GroupsLoosely Affiliated • Groups with mutual interests sometimes work together • Synergy multiplies destructive power • Lack of formal structure provides the flexibility to • Travel freely • Obtain a variety of false identities • Recruit from other countries

6. Terrorists who are directly supported by the ruling government of a formally recognized state are referred to as state-sponsored terrorist groups Types of Terrorist GroupsState-Sponsored Iran, Iraq, Syria, Libya, Cuba, North Korea, and Sudan continue to be the seven governments that the U.S. Secretary of State has designated as state sponsors of international terrorism

7. Terrorist Motivation Ethnic Religious Nationalist Populist Political Economic

8. Race is the defining characteristic Belief that a particular group is superior Terrorism based on ethnocentric motivation involves interracial conflict Terrorist MotivationEthnic The South African government’s harsh protection of its racist Apartheid policies was a form of ethnocentrism governmental terrorism.

9. Commitment or devotion to a religious faith or sectarian belief Ignores the emphasis on peace and nonviolence which is the basis of all the world’s major religions Terrorist MotivationReligious Al Qaeda hopes that its terrorism will incite an Islam versus Christianity Holy War

10. Terrorist MotivationNationalist Loyalty and devotion to a nation National consciousness derived from placing one nation’s culture and interests above those of other nations or groups

11. Terrorist Motivation Nationalist Hitler and the National Socialist (Nazi) party used nationalistic motivation to inciteviolence against other cultures and nations.

12. Belief in the rights of the common people Has been a foundation for Communism Terrorism arises when populist views become the justification for violence Terrorist MotivationPopulist

13. Terrorist MotivationPolitical The competition between groups or factions for governmental power and leadership

14. Terrorist MotivationPolitical While purporting to be a popular revolution, the Shining Path terrorism is political in that it more strongly advocates replacingthe Peruvian political leadership with its own leadership (Chairman Gonzalo), rather than following any true communistic doctrine.

15. Terrorist MotivationEconomic • Belief that commercial structure and/or economic well being are the foundation for social structure • Disparity between the rich and poor can be motivation for terrorism Narco-terrorism has the basest of economic motivations;GREED

16. Terrorist EnvironmentThe terrorist is either a… Native to the Region Or Foreigner with Connections

17. Tactical Organization Strategic Organization Splinter Groups Organization

18. Social Wing Political Wing Armed Wing Additional Organizational Support OrganizationStrategic Organization

19. “Altruistic” Wing - Civil Affairs, Humanitarian Overt for propaganda and fund raising reasons Covert connections with the armed wing Strategic OrganizationSocial Wing = the logo of crescentlife.com, the website of the Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development. The FBI seized the assets of this "Hamas operated" organization as part of efforts to choke off funding for international terrorism.

20. Strives for fulfillment of the terrorist group’s agenda by exercising its diplomatic influence Strategic OrganizationPolitical Wing = the logo for Sinn Fein, the political wing of the Irish Republican Army. Sinn Fein is the Irish Gaelic expression for "We Ourselves''. Its agenda since 1905 has been an Ireland independent from British rule.

21. The “Military Wing” Very Secretive = Very Cellular Only leadership cell coordinates actions between cells and thus becomes hard to replace Strategic OrganizationArmed Wing German 'Wanted' Poster depicts all known members of the Armed Wing of the Red Army Faction.

22. Economic Wing Media Wing Liaison Element Others as required Strategic OrganizationAdditional Organizational Support

23. Leadership Cell Direct Action Cells Intelligence Cells Logistics Support Cells Communications Cells Information Cells Tactical Organization

24. Cyber- Sabotage terrorism Hijacking Kidnapping Tactical OrganizationCellular Organization of Armed Wing Hostage NBC Taking Direct Action Assassination Bomb Propaganda Indoctrination Information Radio Wire Recruiting Communications Leadership Deception Cellular Computer Safe Houses Internal Counterintel Operational Extortion & Intelligence: Bribery Cache Logistics Local & Operational Support Intelligence: National Intelligence Robbery Front Operational Companies Intelligence: Extortion International

25. Security Requirements Independence / Isolation of Cells/Wings Various Interpretations of Terrorist Group’s Agenda Splinter Groups OrganizationSplinter Groups

26. OrganizationSplinter Groups the Real IRA the Irish National Liberation Army Irish Republican Army Irish Republican Army the Continuity IRA Al Fatah Fatah Revolutionary Council Palestine Liberation Organization Palestine Liberation Organization Black September (PFLP)

27. Terror Tactics, Methods, and Means • Cyberterrorism • Bombs • Nuclear, Biological Chemical • Extortion • Kidnapping / Hostage Taking • Hijacking • Assassination • Maiming • Sabotage • Mass Casualties • Shelling Attacks

28. Obtaining money, materiel, information, or support by force or intimidation Also used to coerce people into an action or inaction Terror TacticsExtortion

29. Reasons R a n s o m for profit (allows the terrorist group to raise funds) Barter (as in securing the release of a fellow terrorist) Publicity (the desire to publicize a demand or an issue) Terror TacticsKidnapping

30. Parked V W Bus KidnappingCASE STUDY: RAF SCHLEYER KIDNAPPING 10 Seconds North Baby Carriage pushed into road Schleyer’s Vehicle PoliceEscortVehicle

31. KidnappingCASE STUDY: RAF SCHLEYER KIDNAPPING 30 Seconds Parked V W Bus Schleyer’s Vehicle PoliceEscortVehicle Schleyer’s Vehicle is cut off

32. KidnappingCASE STUDY: RAF SCHLEYER KIDNAPPING 40 Seconds Parked V W Bus Schleyer’s Vehicle PoliceEscortVehicle

33. KidnappingCASE STUDY: RAF SCHLEYER KIDNAPPING 60 Seconds Parked V W Bus Schleyer’s Vehicle PoliceEscortVehicle

34. KidnappingCASE STUDY: RAF SCHLEYER KIDNAPPING V W Bus Aftermath Schleyer’s Vehicle PoliceEscortVehicle 70 Seconds

35. KidnappingCASE STUDY: RAF SCHLEYER KIDNAPPING Four Demands 3. DM 100 K to each of 11 4. Publication of complete RAF statement • Halt search for Schleyer 2. Release of 11 RAF terrorists ‘SINCE 31 DAYS PRISONER’

36. RESULT None of the demands were met. After 44 days of captivity Dr. Schleyer’s body was found in the trunk of an abandoned car. KidnappingCASE STUDY: RAF SCHLEYER KIDNAPPING 1 May 1915 18 Oct 1977

37. Commandeering a Conveyance Reasons: Hostage Taking Escape Destruction Terror TacticsHijacking Damage to Pentagon 9/11/01

38. Terror TacticsHostage Taking An overt seizure of people Reasons: • Protection (Human Shields) • Publicity • Concessions • Ransom

39. Deliberate action to kill political leaders or VIPs Targets: People it cannot intimidate People who left the group Symbolic significance Reasons: Punishment of victim Psychologically hurt the enemy Show of force Planning/Prep similar to kidnapping Terror TacticsAssassination

40. For discipline or extortion Constant reminder of terrorist group’s power Terror TacticsMaiming

41. “May those that love us, Love Us. And those that don't love us May God turn their hearts. And if He can't turn their hearts May He turn their ankles, We will BLAST their KNEECAPSso we know them by their limp!!!” Terror TacticsMaiming Original line removed > IRA line added > - “Old Irish Prayer” perverted into an IRA threat.

42. Planned destruction of the enemy’s infrastructure Typical targets include government service to the populace Showcases government ineffectiveness in serving its people Terror TacticsSabotage

43. Terror TacticsMass Casualty Activities Intent: High Body Count Secondary Intent: Destroy Important Symbol

44. Targets predominantly civilian to achieve widespread fear Preferred weapons are man-portable, easily hidden, quickly emplaced, cost effective. Examples: rockets, recoilless rifles, mortars, etc. Terror TacticsShelling Attacks Hamas members firing mortar shells at Israel. Mortars are preferred weapons for the urban terrorist because of their high angle and high rate of fire capabilities.

45. Saturday, Feb. 5 1994 a 120mm mortar round hit the crowded Markale market in Sarajevo 63 people killed and 206 wounded This incident caused widespread terror among the civilian populace Terror TacticsShelling AttacksSarajevo

46. Any activity performed by terrorists with or to computers Allows distant communications, remote control over weapons / machines, attacks on other computers systems etc. Terror TacticsCyberterrorism Cyberterrorism is increasing worldwide

47. Weapon of Choice: 67% of terrorist incidents are attributed to bombs Advantages: cheap, easy to make, hide & use, and very destructive Terror TacticsBombs Pipe Bomb Cherry Bomb Rear View Mirror Bomb Car Bomb Baby Bomb Book Bomb

48. Terror Tactics Bombs Data concerning wheeled vehicles as bomb conveyance

49. Wheeled vehicles are a common delivery means Means of delivery of bomb to target is only limited by imagination: Mail Animals Bicycles Planes Trolleys Boats Terror TacticsBombs Van Bomb 2000 lbs of explosives U.S. Embassy Beirut 1983

50. TRADOC DCSINT Terror TacticsNuclear, Biological, Chemical Weapons Weapons of Mass Destruction… the Ultimate Terror Weapons