Education in a Changing Society

1. Chapter One Education in a Changing Society

2. The Reality of Social Change • Two major social changes affecting education are taking place: • Changes in demographics • Changes in social institutions

3. Demographics in Transition • Three factors resulting in changing demographics: • High immigration rates • High birthrates among some segments of the population • An aging population

4. Institutions in Transition A social institution is a formal, recognized, established and stabilized way of pursuing some important activity in society. Social institutions provide rules, or social norms, that become internalized in individuals. When institutions change, so do the norms they provide.

5. Changes in Institutions In today’s world, all social institutions are experiencing fundamental change: • Economics – globalization • Politics – new alignments of nations • Family – new forms of family life • Religion – rise of fundamentalism in all world religions

6. Changes in Economics and Politics • Economically there has been a shift from: • Loyalty to a single company to loyalty to one’s own self interest • A national focus to a global focus • Politically there has been a shift from: • Political interest within our own borders to interest in political events around the world

7. Changes in the Family • More women are in the work force. • The divorce rate is high. • More families are in poverty. • New family “forms” are becoming common (e.g., single parent families, blended families). • More ethnic and religious groups are intermarrying.

8. Changes in Religious Organizations • Immigrants are bringing unfamiliar religions and religious ideas to the society. • Various “new age” religious affiliations are emerging. • There is a rise in fundamentalist religious groups in all major religions.

9. Schools as a Reflection of Social Change • Changing demographics among students • Increasing numbers of children whose first language is not English • Increasing inclusion of children with disabilities in classrooms • Increasing attention to differential treatment of boys and girls in classrooms

10. Limited English Proficiency • Most Limited English Proficient (LEP) students speak Spanish. • The United States is the fifth largest Spanish-speaking country in the world. • More than half of LEP students are in grades K-4 and more than three-quarters are poor.

11. Inclusion • Legal support for inclusion: • Public Law 94-142, The Education of All Handicapped Children Act (1975) • Amendments to P.L. 94-142, The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act [IDEA] (1990, 1992, 1997) • More children with disabilities are being educated side-by-side with children without disabilities.

12. Gender and Schooling • While girls have not been thought to be educationally different from boys, their experiences in school are often very different. • Research demonstrates that what is good for boys in school is not necessarily good for girls. • Title IX sought to eliminate discrimination on the basis of sex.

13. Students and Teachers: A Clash of Cultures? The student population in schools is an increasingly multicultural one, while the population of teachers remains much as it has always been: white, middle class, and predominantly female—in short, monocultural. This can create something of a clash of cultures between students and teachers.

14. Rethinking Schools and Learning • As society changes, schools must also change to accommodate new needs; thus, there is a national movement for school reform. • Reform efforts are aimed at “leaving no child behind” through testing and accountability.

15. Schools in Transition • In education, we are experiencing a shift from: • Schools that educate the elite to schools that educate everyone to the same standard • Schools that emphasize rote learning to schools that emphasize critical thinking • Schools that emphasize teaching to schools that emphasize learning

16. The Root Causes of Change • New circumstances in the society in which schools are embedded: • 19th-20th Centuries: schools reflected the needs of an emerging industrial society • 20th-21st Centuries: schools are changing to reflect the needs of an emerging information society

17. Classrooms for an Industrial Age • Futurist Alvin Toffler calls the industrial age a “Second Wave” civilization; characteristics of classrooms for this era include: • Standardization • Synchronization • Specialization • Centralization • Large scale

18. Standardization in a Classroom Might Be Demonstrated By: • All teachers being certified by standard criteria • Teachers and students dressing according to a district-wide standard dress code • Textbooks and/or a course of study being the same for all students in a grade level or subject • Student performance being judged by standardized tests • For the most part, students working individually • Students competing for grades, awards, etc.

19. Synchronization in a Classroom Might Be Demonstrated By: • Class periods being of equal length and times between class periods being of equal length • Each subject being taught on a regular basis, usually—but not always--daily • The school day being planned and coordinated according to a regular schedule • The school year being planned in advance

20. Specialization in a Classroom Means That: • Subjects are divided by disciplines; there is little interdisciplinary study. • Teachers, administrators, clerical and support staff have differentiated roles. • Ancillary personnel (e.g., nurses, counselors, etc.) also have specific and differentiated roles.

21. Centralization Means That Many Policy Decisions Are Made at the District Level: • Centralized decisions are often made about: • Curriculum • Budgets • Purchasing • Attendance • Discipline • Scheduling

22. Large Scale Means That, in General, “Bigger Is Better” • This tendency toward large scale can be seen in: • Large districts • Large buildings • Large auditoriums • Large bands • Large football stadiums

23. Classrooms for an Information Age • Toffler names the present information age a “Third Wave” civilization. Characteristics of classrooms in this era include: • Individualization and Choice • Collaboration • Diversity • Decentralization • Small scale

24. Individual Choice May Mean That: • Within a broad range of standards, teachers and students may make decisions about curriculum and pedagogy. • Students and teachers may make decisions about learning activities. • Students and teachers may set classroom rules to produce an effective learning environment.

25. Collaboration in Such a Classroom Might Look Like This: • Teachers across subject areas and disciplines might plan lessons and units together. • Parents and community members might be actively involved in classroom activities. • Groups of students might often be found working together on projects and lessons.

26. Diversity in the Classroom Might Look Like This: • Students of different ages may be working together. • Students of differing abilities may be working together. • Students and teachers may be acting in multiple roles. • Students and teachers may be incorporating multiple disciplines into their work. • Students may be of differing cultural backgrounds.

27. Decentralization Often Means School-based Decision-making • Called site-based management, school-based decision-making may involve: • Setting learning goals • Planning the school budget • Setting attendance policies • Developing dress codes • Hiring new teachers and other personnel

28. Small Scale Means More Face-to-face Interaction • Classes are smaller. • Everyone knows everyone else. • Students work with a variety of adults. • Adults work with a variety of students. • It is easier to develop really meaningful learning communities and a sense of belonging for everyone.

29. As Schools Move Through This Transitional Period, Remember: • Change is difficult. • Human beings often resist change and react to it with hostility. • New circumstances often mean new opportunities: it’s up to you. . .

30. Ideological Perspectives on Multicultural Education • Attention to differences among students is not new. • The nature of the differences to which we must attend is broadening. • Multicultural education is becoming less a matter of differences within the U.S. and more a global phenomenon.

31. A New Role for Teachers • To recognize social and cultural change • To understand culture, learning, and the culture-learning process • To improve intergroup and intragroup interactions • To transmit intercultural understanding and skills to students

32. The Importance of Stories • Stories help a person visualize and talk about new ideas and experiences. • Stores often “speak to” complex human experiences. • Stories help us to see the universality of common experiences.

33. Something to Think About The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn. --Alvin Toffler