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Morphology

General Zoology, 24 January 2011 Donald Winslow Readings from Hickman et al. 2011: Ch. 9 pp 185-189, 191-193, 195-196. Morphology. Morphology. Biological hierarchy Grades of organization & body plans Describing locations on animal bodies Body cavities & germ layers

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Morphology

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  1. General Zoology, 24 January 2011 Donald Winslow Readings from Hickman et al. 2011: Ch. 9 pp 185-189, 191-193, 195-196 Morphology

  2. Morphology • Biological hierarchy • Grades of organization & body plans • Describing locations on animal bodies • Body cavities & germ layers • Developmental patterns • Histology • Body size

  3. Biological hierarchy • Cell • Tissue • Organ • Organ system • Organism • Population • Community Nine-banded armadillo

  4. Grades of organization • Protoplasmic (e.g. protozoa)‏ • Cellular (e.g. colonial protists, sponges)‏ • Tissue or “cell-tissue” (e.g. jellyfish)‏ • Organ or “tissue-organ” (e.g. flatworm)‏ • Organ system (e.g. molluscs, arthropods)‏ Luna moth

  5. Body plans • Unicellular protists vs multicellular animals • Protozoa vs Metazoa • Cell-level vs tissue-level organization • Porifera vs Eumetazoa • Radial symmetry vs bilateral symmetry • Sac vs “tube-within-a-tube” digestive tracts • Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate

  6. Patterns of symmetry Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry Photo by Richard Snow

  7. Describing location on animal • Anterior/posterior • Dorsal/ventral • Medial/lateral • Distal/proximal • Frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes

  8. Body cavities • Blastocoel • Gastrocoel (archenteron)‏ • Pseudocoel • Coelom

  9. Germ layers • Endoderm • Mesoderm • Ectoderm

  10. Developmental patterns • Cleavage—radial or spiral • Gastrulation (germ layer formation)‏ • Diploblastic or triploblastic • Protostome or deuterostome • Metamerism (segmentation)‏

  11. Histology • Blood plasma and interstitial fluids • Tissues • Endoderm epithelium of digestive tract • Ectoderm skin & nervous tissue • Mesodermconnective tissue, muscles, viscera • Connective tissue: • collagen, blood, lymph, cartilage, bone, fat

  12. Advantages & disadvantagesof large body size • Predators can subdue larger prey, • But larger prey can’t hide as easily. • Larger animals have efficient metabolism, • But use more energy. • Larger animals have longer generations.

  13. Humpback whale

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