The Modality and Redundancy Principles

1. The Modality and Redundancy Principles • EdTech 513 - Multimedia • Dr. Schroeder • by Kris Mesler

2. Learning Objective: • After viewing this multimedia presentation, students will be able to view pages and identify which examples correctly use the Modality and Redundancy Principles.

3. The Modality Principle

4. The Modality Principle • Present words as audio narration rather than on-screen text

5. What does that mean?

6. What does that mean? • When the graphic is the focus, use narration.

7. Lunar Landing The Apollo 11 mission was the first manned mission to land on the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, it carried Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins and Lunar Module Pilot 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to land on the Moon, while Collins orbited above.

9. When does the Modality Principle NOT apply?

10. When does the Modality Principle NOT apply? • When words are presented without any concurrent picture or other visual input

11. It is okay to simply have on-screen text if you are reading what is on a slide and you do not have a graphic.

12. When does the Modality Principle NOT apply? • If the material is familiar to the learner

13. Bananas are a great source of potassium!

14. When does the Modality Principle NOT apply? • If the learner has control over the pacing of the material

16. When does the Modality Principle NOT apply? • When words are presented without any concurrent picture or other visual input • If the material is familiar to the learner • If the learner has control over the pacing of the material

17. Input Channels Visual Auditory

18. Visual

19. Visual 1.On-screen Text 2. Graphics

20. Auditory

21. Auditory Narration

22. Input Channels Phonetic Processing Auditory Visual Processing Visual

23. Input Channels Phonetic Processing Auditory On-screen Text Visual Processing Graphics Visual

24. Input Channels Phonetic Processing Auditory On-screen Text Visual Processing Graphics = OVERLOAD Visual

25. Input Channels Phonetic Processing Narration Auditory Visual Processing Graphics Visual

26. Input Channels Phonetic Processing Narration Auditory Visual Processing Graphics = BALANCED Visual

27. The Modality Effect From Moreno and Mayer, 1999a. Graphics + Narration Graphics + On-screen Text

28. The Redundancy Principle #1

29. The Redundancy Principle #1 • Do not add on-screen text to narrated graphics

31. The Borah High School boys soccer team defeated Timberline 3-2 on a last-second goal by Drew Smith over the outstretched hands of John Jones, Timberline’s goalie.

32. Learning Styles Hypothesis • “Instruction should support both auditory and visual learning styles”

33. Which is better? Information Acquisition Theory VS Cognitive Theory of Multimedia More input is better! Keep input channels balanced!

34. Which is better? Information Acquisition Theory VS Cognitive Theory of Multimedia More input is better! Keep input channels balanced! YES!

35. The Redundancy Effect From Moreno and Mayer, 1999a. Animation + Narration Animation + Narration + Redundant Text

36. The Redundancy Principle #2

37. The Redundancy Principle #2 • Consider adding on-screen text to narration in special situations

38. Add narration, if: • There are no pictures

39. This is an example of text without graphics. It is okay to narrate this text when giving a presentation.

40. Add narration, if: • The learner has ample time to process the pictures and words

41. Happy Afraid

42. Add narration, if: • The learner is likely to have difficulty processing spoken words

43. Der Hund

44. Der Hund “the dog”

45. Add narration, if: • There are no pictures • The learner has ample time to process the pictures and words • The learner is likely to have difficulty processing spoken words

46. The following slides may or may not follow the Modality and Redundancy Principles. Decide whether each slide is a good example to follow or not and why.

47. Example 1 The hot dog is a meal staple at America’s favorite pastime-the baseball game. Along with peanuts and sodas, hot dogs are sold by vendors throughout the stands during a ball game.

48. Example 1 is not a good use of the Modality and Redundancy principles, because it has both on-screen text and audio narration along with a graphic. It would be improved by either removing the on-screen text or the audio narration. See the next slide for a revised version.

49. Example 1-revised

50. Example 2 Relay Handoff