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Cell Transport

Cell Transport. Fall 2012. Notes: Cell Membrane. Introduction: A basic principle in biology is that all living things are made of ________________.

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Cell Transport

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  1. Cell Transport Fall 2012

  2. Notes: Cell Membrane Introduction: • A basic principle in biology is that all living things are made of ________________. • While they come in a wide variety of sizes and shapes, all cells are filled with ________________, a fluid filled inside (made up mostly of _________________) and are surrounded by a cell membrane. cells cytoplasm water

  3. Plasma membrane The cell membrane, also known as the ________________ ____________________, is the boundary that separates all living cells from their nonliving surroundings. The job of this membrane: • _______________ the cell from the outside environment • controls chemical _______________ into & out of the cell (decides what can enter & leave). It is described as being _____________ ____________ which means it allows some substances to cross more easily than others. separate traffic Selectively permeable

  4. Fluid Mosaic • In 1972 S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson created the ______________ ________________ Model, which describes the structure of the cell membrane (shown below).

  5. Lipids • The cell membrane is made up of three main types of organic compounds: • _________________ (phospholipids make up most of the cell membrane) • _________________________ (large/dark structures… act as gateways) • _________________________ (look like antennae… these are ID tags) • The cell membrane is not solid, rather it is ______________ and fluid* • By creating a barrier between the cell and its environment, it allows the cell to maintain ______________________ (internal balance). http://youtu.be/Qqsf_UJcfBc Proteins carbohydrates flexible homeostasis

  6. Lipids Phospholipids • Many ______________________ bond together make up the majority of the cell membrane • The heads are water-soluble (hydrophilic =_________ ________). • The tails are not water soluble (hydrophobic = _________ __________) Phospholipid Water loving Water fearing

  7. Lipids • The phospholipids line up ________ to ________ to form a ___________(double layer) • The hydrophobic tails are protected from the water on the inside and outside of the cell. Tail tail bilayer

  8. Lipids • __________________ - is a lipid that helps hold the cell membrane together. cholesterol

  9. Proteins Integralproteins • pass _____________ the lipid bilayer. • They allow large and/or charged molecules get into or out of the cell. traffic Primary Function: To control chemical _______________ in & out of the cell. through

  10. Proteins Chemical messages Proteins are also used to receive ___________ ___________ from outside the cell. • Hormones have a specific shape and travel through the blood until they find their ‘target cell’.

  11. Proteins Peripheralproteins located on the ___________ of the cell membrane. surface Peripheral Integral http://youtu.be/GW0lqf4Fqpg

  12. Carbohydrates • These “antenna’ are used by the cells to help __________________ one another. • Nicknamed the cell’s ____ _______; These are unique for each person; Determine things like your _______________ Recognize ID TAGS Blood Type

  13. Carbohydrates • Can attach to the ____________________ or the ____________ on the outer surface of a cell. phospholipids proteins

  14. Matching B D A F G C/D C D B

  15. Cell Membrane Diagram & Q’sCell Membrane Reviewpage 3

  16. Notes: Passive Transportpages 4-5 Fall 2012

  17. Differences in Concentration Concentration of a solution is determined by the amount of _________________ (dissolved material) you have in the amount of _____________________ (liquid its dissolved in). solute solvent

  18. Differences in Concentration

  19. Differences in Concentration • The glass on the left does not have an equal concentration throughout. The bottom of the glass is moreconcentrated than the top (which is dilute). • If left alone, the molecules will spread out in the glass until the concentration is equal throughout the glass (like the glass on the right). Dilute equal Concentrated

  20. Important Terms to Know hypertonic • ________________– a solution with a higher concentration than another solution. • ________________– a solution with a lower concentration than another solution. • _____________– a solution that has an equal concentration to another. hypotonic isotonic

  21. Passive Transport – the movement of material across a cell membrane without the use of energy. • Three types of passive transport include: • Diffusion • Osmosis • Facilitated diffusion

  22. Diffusion = Dots moving Diffusion • _____________- The process in which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. • _______________is reached when the concentration is equal throughout. Equilibrium

  23. How does diffusion affect a cell? Cell membranes are described as being ____________________________ since they allow some substances to pass through, but not others. • The oval represents a ________ • The dotted line is the _______ ______________ • Dots in the diagram are ___________(dissolved material) Selectively permeable cell Cell membrane solute

  24. How does diffusion affect a cell? inside • In this picture, the solution _______ the cell has a higher solute concentration than the solution _________ of it. • Therefore we say theinside is ________________ to the outside of the cell or theoutside is ______________ to the inside of the cell. outside hypertonic Before diffusion hypotonic

  25. Goal of diffusion How does diffusion affect a cell? • When the solute is small enough to pass across the cell membrane: • It will move from a high concentration to a low concentration. Before diffusion Draw an arrow on the “before” diagram to show if the solute would move in or out of the cell. Always label your arrows, so that you know what is moving across the cell membrane. Solute (dots)

  26. Selectively Permeable Membrane

  27. Facilitated Diffusion To help • Facilitate = _______________ • FacilitatedDiffusion- molecules are moved across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration with the help of a ____________________ Protein channel Proteins are usually needed to move solute across the cell membrane when the solute is too _______________or _______________and can’t pass between the phospholipids. charged large

  28. Facilitated Diffusion • The carrier protein or channel simply opens up a larger hole in the cell membrane and allows the solute to flow from one side of the cell membrane to the other (does not require __________). energy Goal of facilitated diffusion Before facilitated diffusion Solute (dots)

  29. Notes: OsmosisPage 6 Fall 2012

  30. Notes: Passive movement across the cell membrane (continued: Part 2) water • Osmosis- The diffusion (movement) of ___________ molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. • Since it does not require energy, it is a form of PASSIVE TRANSPORT. • The goal of the water molecules is to get the substance on either side of the membrane to be at _______________ (same concentration on both sides). Equilibrium

  31. Osmosis gradient • Below we see a concentration ____________ (difference) between the inside and the outside of the cell • The dots are solute (sugar) • The _________________is represented by the space around the dots. • Since water is a ________________ molecule, it is able to move across the cell membrane very quickly. • Water moves from an area with more water (lower solute concentration) into an area that has less water (a higher solute concentration) to dilute it. water Very small Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the movement of the water. Always label your arrows, so that you know what is moving across the cell membrane. Water

  32. Concentration Gradient How do cells respond to being placed into solutions of different concentrations: • ___________ – the bursting of an animal cell when placed in a hypotonic solution. cytolysis

  33. Concentration Gradient How do cells respond to being placed into solutions of different concentrations: • ___________________ – the force that pushes out on a plant’s cell wall when it is put into a hypotonic solution… makes cells rigid. Turgor pressure

  34. Concentration Gradient How do cells respond to being placed into solutions of different concentrations: • ______________ – the shrinking of a plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution. • animation plasmolysis

  35. Animal Cell (Red Blood Cells) • Which solution is best for an animal cell?

  36. Plant Cell • Which solution is best for a plant cell?

  37. Make sure you remember the statements: H2O makes things grow Salt Shrinks

  38. Practice Problems – page 7: The Affects of Osmosis Osmosis is the movement of _______ across the cell membrane. The goal is to make the concentration on the inside and outside of the cell the same. WATER

  39. Practice Problems: Osmosis – the movement of WATER (White space) 2. The cells below have just been placed into 3 different solutions. Complete each column by using the picture at the top. Hypertonic hypotonic isotonic Out in In & out Stay the same shrink grow

  40. Practice Problems: Osmosis – the movement of WATER (White space) Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 3. Since an animal cell lacks a cell wall, it is important that it be surrounded by a/an (hypertonic; hypotonic; isotonic) solution, so that it doesnot shrink & shrivel up or swell & rupture due to the effects of osmosis. 4. If red blood cell is surrounded by a hypotonic solution, then the cell would most likely (shrink, swell or stay the same size).

  41. Practice Problems: Osmosis – the movement of WATER (White space) Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 4. When plant cells are full of water, the pressure within the cell pushes out onto the cell wall, thus allowing the cell to become more rigid (has turgor pressure). Since this is a good thing for them, plant cells should be surrounded by a/an (hypertonic; hypotonic; isotonic) solution.

  42. Practice Problems: Osmosis – the movement of WATER (White space) Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 6. If a plant is watered with saltwater (a hypertonic solution), then the cells would most likely (shrink, swell or stay the same size). 7. The passive movement of large molecules across the cell membrane with the help of a protein is called (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion).

  43. Question #2: What type of solution is found outside the red blood cell? YES It got smaller hypertonic

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