CE 403 Construction Methodology

1. CE 403 Construction Methodology Construction Productivity

2. Measures of Construction Performance • Construction performance involves all aspects of the construction process. • It is a broad inclusive term that includes four elements: • Safety • Timeliness • Quality • Productivity Construction Methodology

3. WORK INJURY AND ILLNESS RATES • Incidence rates expressed as number of cases per year or days per 100 full-time employees or 200,000 employee hours per year • Incidence Rate = (# of cases or days per year x 200,000)/Total employee hours per year • Can be computed for each category of cases or days.

4. Construction Performance: Timeliness • Interpreted both as “on schedule” and “everything is on hand when needed” Construction Methodology

5. Construction Performance: Quality • Means that the facility and all its elements meet the specification requirements • Owner’s Perspective: Test performances • Craft (Field) Perspective: Rework Construction Methodology

6. CORRECTION: Field Productivity • Actual productivity determines whether or not the project will be completed within the cost budget and time schedule • Labor Productivity = Production Output/Workhours • Factor Productivity = Production Output/Total Cost • Productivity Factor = BCWP/ACWP • Direct Work Rates (i.e. tool time or wrench time) Construction Methodology

7. Factors Affecting Labor Productivity Construction Methodology

8. Construction Methodology

9. Factors that have an adverse effect on productivity • Overtime and/or fatigue • Errors and omissions in plans and specifications • Multitude of change orders • Design complexity • Design completeness • Stacking of trades • Dilution of supervision • Reassignment of manpower from task to task • Material location • Above ground level • Above floor level • Adverse temperature or weather • Inadequate lighting Construction Methodology

10. CORRECTION: Field Productivity • Actual productivity determines whether or not the project will be completed within the cost budget and time schedule • Labor Productivity = Production Output/Workhours • Factor Productivity = Production Output/Total Cost • Productivity Factor = BCWP/ACWP • Direct Work Rates (i.e. tool time or wrench time) Construction Methodology

11. Construction Methodology

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14. Construction Methodology

15. Statistical Analysis of Change Order Data • 610 Projects • 246 New Construction • 364 Maintenance Projects • Projects Completed between 2005 and 2008 What causes change orders…at least in Highway Work. KYSPR-09-384

16. Construction Methodology

17. Construction Methodology

18. Factors that have an adverse effect on productivity • Overtime and/or fatigue • Errors and omissions in plans and specifications • Multitude of change orders • Design complexity • Design completeness • Stacking of trades • Dilution of supervision • Reassignment of manpower from task to task • Material location • Above ground level • Above floor level • Adverse temperature or weather • Inadequate lighting Construction Methodology

19. Factors that have an adverse effect on productivity • Regulations of various types • High absenteeism • High turnover • Material shortages • High accident rates • Jurisdictional disputes • Work rules and restrictive work practices • Availability of skilled labor • Attitude of the workforce • Crew size and composition • Timeliness of decisions Construction Methodology

20. Construction Inflation Empire State Building Costs: $40,498,900 (1931 Dollars) $559,321,201 (2006 Dollars CPI Adjusted) Freedom Tower Proposed Costs: $1.6 to 2.1 Billion (2006 Dollars) Construction Methodology

21. Construction Methodology

22. Company A: Absenteeism and Turnover Data • The study found that workers receiving training had a lower turnover and absenteeism rates than workers without training. Construction Methodology

23. Company B: Productivity Data A declining performance factor indicates productivity improvement Company B Productivity Performance Factor vs. Percentage of Certified PlusTM Craft Workers R2=0.39 F value =6.478 P value = 0.029 TM Certified Plus is trademarked by NCCER Construction Methodology

24. Factors that have an adverse effect on productivity • Regulations of various types • High absenteeism • High turnover • Material shortages • High accident rates • Jurisdictional disputes • Work rules and restrictive work practices • Availability of skilled labor • Attitude of the workforce • Crew size and composition • Timeliness of decisions Construction Methodology

25. Factors that have an adverse effect on productivity • Impractical QA/QC tolerances • Uncontrolled breaks • Time of day and day of week • Inadequate temporary facilities: parking, change rooms, restrooms, etc. Construction Methodology

26. Construction Methodology

27. Current Methods for Assessing Work-Face Productivity • Work-face activities often get little attention • Most construction analyses involve examining project cost and schedule performance. • A project’s success can be made or ruined at the workface. • Two categories of workforce assessment methods • Informal • Formal Construction Methodology

28. Current Methods for Assessing Work-Face Productivity • Informal: • All construction managers will tell you they can judge how well a work-face task is going by merely watching for a short period of time. • However, they may not be asking themselves such questions as: • “Are materials and tools available and suitable?” • “Is the work procedure and its sequencing the most efficient?” • “Have tasks been assigned among members of a crew that best uses available skills and keep all hands busy?” Construction Methodology

29. Current Methods for Assessing Work-Face Productivity • Formal: • Most common assessment methods: slippages in schedule and cost overruns. • Problems: • Can be based on after-the-fact information • May be inaccurate (not recorded accurately) • Errors in coding • Falsified to hide slippage Construction Methodology

30. Current Methods for Assessing Work-Face Productivity • Other formal methods: • Time studies using photographic or video methods • Questionnaires and Interviews • Eg. Foreman Delay Surveys • Work Sampling Construction Methodology

31. Construction Methodology

32. Work Sampling • Consists of observing and classifying a small percentage of a project’s labor activity • Involves making and analyzing the results of field observations to determine what individual workers are doing at specific instants in time. • Most of the data is recorded in the following Categories: • Productive Work • Direct Work • Tools • Materials • Information • Non-Productive • Personal • Travel • Waiting Construction Methodology

33. Work Sampling • Direct Work (25-65%): • Activities directly involved in the actual process of putting together or adding to a unit being constructed • Includes necessary disassembly of a unit that must be modified and movements essential to the process where the work is being done • E.g. painting a wall, placing bricks, nailing boards to a wall, hauling material from an excavation, threading pipe, mixing mortar, cutting boards before nailing. Construction Methodology

34. Work Sampling • Support Work: • Preparatory Work or Instructions • Receiving instructions • Receiving drawings • Using telephones or radios for work related reasons • Discussing material, tool, or equipment needs • Tools and Equipment • Locating a tool in a gangbox and transporting it to the task areas • Obtaining and transporting slides, shackles or similar tools equipment • Putting on and adjusting personal protection equipment (PPE) • Material Handling • Supporting crafts transporting bulk materials (Operators and Teamsters are Direct Work) Construction Methodology

35. Work Sampling • Delays: • Doing something that is in no way necessary to complete the job. • Waiting • Travel (empty handed (toolbelts), walking to and from work areas) • Personal (rest periods outside break times, adjusting personal clothing, rest room or water breaks outside break time). Construction Methodology

36. Activity Categories

37. Activity Categories

38. Activity Categories

39. Activity Categories

40. Activity Categories

41. Activity Categories

42. Activity Categories

43. Work Sampling • The rating should be taken at the first instant of observation. Don’t anticipate a person’s action • Counts should not begin until at least ½ hour after start time and ½ hour before quitting or lunch time. • Must be an equal likelihood of observing every worker. • Sample shall contain no less than 384 observations • Basic characteristics of the work situation must remain the same. Construction Methodology

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47. 100% Direct Work Want to maximize Total Construction Time 50% Support 25% Delay 0% Work Sampling Break down into subcategories for class project. Construction Methodology

48. Case Study • Idaho Falls Nuclear Decommissioning Project. • Treating nuclear, sodium-bearing waste from a liquid to a solid state using a steam reforming process • Primary Trades: Piping, Concrete, and Instrumentation • Initial Budget: $84M • Final Budget: $176M Construction Methodology

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50. Construction Methodology