CE403 Construction Methodology

1. CE403 Construction Methodology Steel Construction

2. Metals: History • 500 BC - wrought iron in Greece • 6th Century – wrought iron in China • 1640s – 1st successful iron works in U.S. (Saugus, Mass.) • 1856 – Bessemer Process • 1867 – Ead’s Bridge • 1920 – Arc Welding

3. Elements of Steel Construction • Advanced Planning • Steel Fabrication & Delivery to the Jobsite • Field Operations

4. Field Operations • Receiving & Unloading • “Yarding”-Unloading & Temp Storage • Sorting or “Shaking Out”~ Identify each member & store in organized manner. • Inspecting • Staging Area – adjacent to the work face • Erecting

7. Steel Erection Systems

8. Camber & Sweep

9. Types of Steel • A36 Carbon Structural Steel,FY= 36 ksi • A572 High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel,FY= 42 ksi or 65 ksi • A588 Corrosion-Resistant High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel,FY= 42 ksi or 65 ksi

10. Rolled Steel Shapes

11. W Shape: W24x62 24 is depth, 62 is weight Channel: C10 x 15.3 10 is depth, 15.3 is weight Angle: L5 x 3 x ¼ 5 and 3 are leg lengths, ¼ is leg thickness Rolled-Steel Shape Designations

12. K-series – range in depth from 8” to 30”; designed to span up to 60’ LH-series (Long span) – range in depth from 18” to 48”; can span up to 96’; require 4”-6” of end bearing surface. DLH-series (deep long span) – range in depth from 56” to 72”; can span up to 144’; same bearing requirements as LH Open-Web Steel Joist

13. Type of Joist Ends Long spans (LH) and deep long spans (DLH) typically require end bearing lengths

15. Steel Connection Methods

16. Steel Connection Methods • Drivers: • Constructability • Weld in shop; bolt in field • Economy • Structural Integrity • Local Practice

17. High-Strength Steel Bolts

19. Tension Control Bolts

20. Welding Techniques • Majority classified as either: • Arc Welding – depends on heat of an electric arc established between an electrode and the components to be welded. • Resistance Welding – a shop process in which the components are butted together and heat is generated in the seam by resistance of the metal to passage of an electric current.

21. Welding Techniques • Oxygen and Nitrogen in the air will produce a brittle weld. • Most arc processes shield the weld area from atmospheric contamination with a cloud of inert gas (most common gas in U.S. – helium. Argon is another alternative). • Shielded metal arc welding – most common arc process. • Uses a consumable metal stick electrode that is melted by the arc, deposits filler metal in the weld, and releases an inert gas around a weld area. TIG welding uses only a consumable filler.

22. Stick Welding

23. MIG Welding

24. TIG Welding

25. Welds Single and Double Groove Joint Variations

26. Weld Types

27. Orbital Welding

28. Fireproofing

29. Steel Plans

30. Steel Plans

31. Column Splices

32. Beam-Column Connections

33. Beam-Column Connections

34. Steel Beam Systems

35. Steel Beam Systems

36. Beam-Girder Connections

37. Beam-Girder Connections

38. Moment or Shear Connection?

39. Moment or Shear Connection?

40. Moment or Shear Connection?

41. Metal Decking Form Decking Composite Decking Cellular Decking

42. Safety • Steel Erection is a hazardous construction task. • Causes of Accidents Among Structural Steel Workers – 2006 OSHA • Contact with Object – 51.1%% • Falls – 19.*% • Overexertion15.0%

43. Protective Equipment • Hard Hats, Gloves • Eye Protection for worker engaged in welding, cutting, and chipping operations • Protective measures against falls. • Temporary floors with guard rails, where possible. • Lifelines (Lanyards) and safety belts • safety nets Body Harnesses

45. Innovative Steel Joining Technologies “Mortise” ATLSS System “Tenon”

46. 3M VHB Tape