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Modernization in the Ottoman Empire: Tanzimat Reforms and Nationalism Recap

Explore the impact of Western colonization on the Muslim world in the 19th and early 20th centuries, focusing on the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire. Discover how Muslim responses shifted towards modernization, with a specific focus on political, military, and administrative changes under leaders like Mahmud II, Muhammad Ali, and Abdulmejid. Learn about the challenges faced from nationalist movements, religious opposition, and the struggle for political reform culminating in the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. Uncover the complexities of Ottoman modernization efforts amid Western hegemony and internal opposition.

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Modernization in the Ottoman Empire: Tanzimat Reforms and Nationalism Recap

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  1. Tanzimat & Nationalism

  2. Recap • By late 19th century-early 20th centuries Muslim world was colonized by the West. • Muslim responses ranged from rejection, isolation/non-cooperation to modernization. • Our focus is on the 3rd category (Osmanli Tanzimat)

  3. Central Ottoman Land • By end of 18th cent. Ott could no longer defend itself against the growing power of the West • numerous setbacks- • Lost Syria to its independent Governor of Egypt in 1830. • loss to Russia in the Crimean War (1854-6) & Russia established its dominance in the Black Sea- Russia interest in annexing Osm terri in the Balkan • Nationalist Movements in the Balkan, Greece etc.

  4. attempted to strengthen themselves by looking to Europe to modernize their bureaucracy and military. • Gradually, modernization also included modernization of politics, law & edu

  5. Source of Western hegemony -its modern armies • Muslim rulers- Mahmud II (1809) and Ottoman viceroy in Egypt Muhammad Ali (1805-49) tried to follow Western model. • Created military academy staffed by Europeans

  6. Sent delegates to learn from the West • Military modernization followed by modernization of administration, law edu, economy • Impact on military and adminst institutions • Confined to the political elites

  7. The latter half of the 19th cent, modernization included other spheres of life too. • Modernization policies were perpetuated by Abdulmejid (1839-61) & Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909) and in Egypt by Khedive Ismail

  8. AbdelMejid (l) & (c) Abdul Hamid II (r)

  9. Mahmud II’s reform was continued & systematized by AbdelMejid through ambitious series of reform, Tanzimat (reorganization) • Modern institutions-secular schools to train not only army but also new bureaucratic personnel: land reforms, new legal systems • Opposed by conservative religious elements who considered them bid’ah

  10. Under A. Hamid II’s Grand Vizier, Midhat Pasha, Tanzimat now included political reform • Promulgation of the 1st Ott Consti. In 1876 based on French and Belgian models- creation of two-chambers parliament (A Const Monarchy) • A.Hamid was less receptive to political modernization; only opened to military and tech modernization

  11. Sultan refused to surrender his absolute power • Set to crush liberal reforms and eliminating reformers through persecution and exile

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