essential questions: How does muckraking lead to actual reform, as seen around 1900?

1. essential questions: How does muckraking lead to actual reform, as seen around 1900? PART 1: PROGRESSIVE ERA MUCKRAKING

2. When? related words: about 1890 to WWI (1917) Progressive Era description: the time of a movement for progress to correct the problems of the Gilded Age

3. A muckraker is an investigative reporter who exposed problems during the Progressive Era. McClure’s was the most famous magazine for muckrakers to publish their investigative reports.

4. consider: How does the video affect the way that you think about the food that you eat?

5. example: Jacob Riis attacked urban slums with his book, How the Other Half Lives. We will look at some photographs taken for his book. Describe what problems he is exposing and how he exposed them in the space provided. The titles for each are written by Riis.

6. Dens of Death

7. A Flat in the Pauper's Barracks with All Its Furniture

8. It Costs a Dollar a Month to Sleep in These Sheds

9. Scene on the Roof of the Mott Street Barracks

10. Men's Lodging Room in the West 47th Street Station

11. A Seven-Cent Lodging House, Pell Street

12. Bohemian Cigarmakers at Work in Their Tenement

13. The Slide That Was the Children's Only Playground

14. Night School in the Seventh Avenue Lodging House

15. The Walls Began to Give

16. Use the pages given to complete the chart about the muckrakers. Notice the extra question for Upton Sinclair. example:

17. Ida Tarbell

18. Lincoln Steffens

19. Upton Sinclair

20. excerpt from The Jungle “…old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white – it would be dosed with borax and glycerin, and dumped into the hoppers, and made over again for home consumption. There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together… the meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one – there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit.” This causes the Meat Inspection Act to be passed.

21. Modern Muckraking due by Friday: You are to do some muckraking of your own and compare it to Progressive Era muckraking. Consider a problem in society that you think needs more exposure to get the public and the government to act on it.

22. consider: How can you, or anyone else, act to fix a problem in society once they realize how bad the problem is? essential question: How does muckraking lead to actual reform, as seen around 1900? PART 2: MUCKRAKING CAUSES REFORM

23. desperate immigrants keeping wages low Problem #1: Labor How can we describe the problems that labor (workers) faced? • desperate immigrants keeping wages low • others?

24. who / what exposed the extent of the problem: • labor unions (i.e. Samuel Gompers and the AFL)

25. Lewis Hine’s photographs of child workers

26. Some boys and girls were so small they had to climb up on to the spinning frame to mend broken threads and to put back the empty bobbins. Bibb Mill No. 1. Macon, Ga.

27. This is a young driver in the Brown mine. Has been driving one year. Works 7 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. daily. Brown, W. Va.

28. Young cigar makers in Engelhardt & Co. 3 boys looked under 14. Labor leaders told me in busy times many small boys and girls were employed. Youngsters all smoke. Tampa, Fla.

29. The overseer said apologetically, "She just happened in." She was working steadily. The mills seem full of youngsters who "just happened in" or "are helping sister." Newberry, S.C.

30. Richard Pierce, age 14, a Western Union Telegraph Co. messenger. Nine months in service, works from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. Smokes and visits houses of prostitution. Wilmington, Del.

31. newspapers’ coverage of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Triangle Shirtwaist Company

32. more images from the fire:

42. What reform took place? • some improved conditions and pay for workers, including safety laws union membership, 1897-1920

43. child labor laws passed

44. Problem #2: urban slums • immigrants flood cities (overpopulation) What was the problem? • others?

45. Who/what led the way for reform? • Jacob Riis • the Social Gospel Movement (salvation through service to the poor)

46. What reform took place? • Jane Addams created the Hull House, a settlement house, to provide housing and other assistance to the poor

47. Problem #3: alcohol What problems does alcohol cause?

48. Who/what led the way for reform? • Carrie Nation and others worked for prohibition (banning alcohol) by advertising dangers

49. What reform took place? • 18th Amendment = prohibition

50. The Progressive Era formula + muckraking (someone or something exposing the problem, leading citizens to demand change) problem = reform Now, create a formula for problems 2 and 3 in your groups. Be sure that the problem, muckraking, and solution all go together. example for problem #1: child labor + Lewis Hine = child labor laws