US HISTORY 8

US HISTORY 8 NAME: ____________________________________ PERIOD: _________________________ TEACHER: ______________________________________________ THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION UNITED STATES GREAT OF AMERICA VS. BRITAIN 1 1

STUDENT NOTES: CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: 1. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR: 1754-1763 -Fought between the _____________ and _____________ over land in North America. -The English wanted to push west, but the French blocked them. The war started over land disputes between the two nations. -Each side used ______________ ______________ as allies. Both the English and the French had Native Americans (Indians) as allies on their sides. -The Albany Congress: 1754 -At the beginning of the war, the English colonies sent delegates to a meeting held in _____________, New York. -_____________ Indians were also present. -___________ _________________ proposed a plan for unifying the English colonies. Fort Ticonderoga North America: 1750’s -England and France had colonies. -English colonists wanted to push _______________. The French blocked them. North America: 1765 -____________ wins the war and gains control of the French colonies. -War was very expensive for the British. -The Albany Plan of Union: 1754 -Under this plan, each colonial legislature would elect delegates to an American continental assembly presided over by a royal governor. -The plan was not approved by the English Parliament: they feared the new assembly would be to powerful for Parliament to control. -A political cartoon was created in the colonies to show support for this plan. Ben Franklin The snake represented the colonies. On their own, they were weak and could be defeated. Together, they would be strong. ENGLISH TERRITORY NEW FRANCE ENGLISH COLONIES ENGLISH COLONIES -England wins the war. -French lose colonies in North America. -War was very expensive for the English. British __________________ wants colonies to help pay for the cost of the war. 2

2. BRITISH GOVERNMENT PASSES LAWS AND TAXES ON THE COLONIES: -Parliament passes _________________ to control the colonies and raise money to pay for the war. -Proclamation Act of 1763: Forbade settlers from moving west. 10,000 soldiers sent to colonies to enforce law. Colonists angry with so many soldiers being sent to control them. Many colonists ignored the law and moved west. -England tries to enforce the Navigation Acts from the 1600’s. Many colonists angry with these old laws being enforced. -Sugar Act (1764): England places a tax on __________, coffee, indigo, and molasses. -Currency Act (1764): England passes a law requiring all colonists to pay debts using gold or silver. Colonists angry over this. -Stamp Act (1765): England places a tax on legal documents, newspapers, calendars, and playing cards. Colonists angry that they have to pay more money for these items. Proclamation Line of 1763: Colonists could not cross line and move into Indian land. 10,000 soldiers sent to colonies to enforce the law. Colonists hated England for doing this. Proclamation Line Sugar Act: Taxes on sugar, coffee, and molasses (used to make rum). Sugar Cane used to make sugar. Sugar used to make molasses. Molasses used to make rum. Rum one of the most popular and common drinks in the colonies. Stamp Act: Required a “stamp” to be placed on paper products. Rum 3

3. AMERICAN COLONISTS TAKE ACTION: -Colonists very angry over new taxes and laws. Colonists felt that ____________________________ and the king did not have the right to _____________ the colonists without colonial representation. “NO _____________________ WITHOUT ____________________________” -Colonists also responded in other ways. 1. Stamp Act Congress (1765): -9 colonies sent delegates to NYC to discuss the Stamp Act. -Wrote petition & sent to Parliament. Stated that Parliament did not have the right to tax the colonies. Only colonial assemblies had the right to tax the colonies. 2. Sons of Liberty (1765): -Some colonists were not happy with the petition. They wanted more direct, immediate action. -Sam Adams and John Adams helped create Sons of Liberty to take a more active role in protesting England. -Began boycotting British goods. BOYCOTT:______________________________________________________________________________________ -Began to use acts of violence. They burned down tax collectors homes and tarred and feathered British officials. English Parliament made the laws for the colonies. However, the colonies did not have any representatives in the Parliament. King George III: King of England during the American Revolution. Both helped organize the Sons of Liberty to protest against the British. Patrick Henry gave a famous speech in which he gives an idea about how people felt about freedom. Burning down the house of a tax collector. Sam Adams: John Adams: Tar and feathering was one method of protesting the British and the laws that they were creating. 4

4. BRITISH PARLIAMENT PASSES TOWNSHEND ACTS (1767): A. Navigation Acts enforced. This included the use of Writs of Assistance which gave British officials ability to search homes and boats for smuggled goods. B. Taxes: Taxes on _____________, lead, ___________, paint, and ________________. All documents, such as books, newspapers, legal contracts, were printed on paper. Paper and everything printed on paper became more expensive. Paint Tea was one of the most popular and widely consumed drinks in the colonies. The tax on tea effected everyone. • BOSTON MASSACRE: March 5, 1770 -Started as a _____________ against British government by colonists. -Colonists threw snowballs at soldiers and taunted them by calling them names. -Soldiers fired on crowd killing 5 colonists. Someone from the crowed yelled “fire.” -______________ ___________________, member of the Sons of Liberty, wrote about the event and called it the “__________________ ______________________.” This image shows a more accurate story of what happened. The colonists were more aggressive towards the British than shown in Revere’s image. The Boston Massacre: Started by the Sons of Liberty to force the British into doing something. The British fired on the colonists and made them look like they were being attacked. This image, created by Paul Revere, makes the colonists look innocent and the British guilty. This image created hatred towards the British by the colonists. 5

TEA ACT (1773): -British Parliament passes law which lowers the price of tea, but still leaves the tax on the tea. -Colonists see law as a way of hurting American _________________. -In several cities, the Sons of Liberty did things to protest this law. In Boston, the Sons of Liberty held the ________________ ___________ ____________. 7. BOSTON TEA PARTY (1773): -_______________ of __________________, dressed as Mohawk Indians, boarded ships in Boston Harbor. They dumped crates of tea into harbor as a protest against Tea Act. The Boston Tea Party: This was done by the Sons of Liberty to protest the tax on tea and other British laws. Tea was one of the most popular and widely consumed drinks in the colonies. The tax on tea effected everyone. Many colonists witnessed the event from the docks and cheered on the Sons of Liberty. • INTOLERABLE ACTS (1774): British Parliament passes laws as a way of punishing the colonies for the Boston Tea Party and other acts of the Sons of Liberty. -Closed port of __________________. -Quartering Act: Law requiring colonists to provide food and housing for British soldiers. -British troops sent to colonies to enforce laws. • AMERICAN COLONISTS TAKE ACTION: Colonists viewed the new laws as an attack on their right to self-government. Took steps to organize their protests. A. Committees of Correspondence: Groups created in every colony in order to spread information about the British. Quartering Act: Colonist being ordered to provide housing, food, candles, bedding for soldiers. British troops sent to Boston to enforce laws and control the colonies. Every major city and all of the colonies created Committees of Correspondence in order to keep an eye on the British and spread news of what they were doing. The Committees helped keep people informed about what was happening. 6

B. First Continental Congress (1774): Representatives from colonies meet in Philadelphia to discuss their rights. -Send petition to King to try to restore peace. -Asked King to repeal the Intolerable Acts. -Said they had the right to make colonial laws. -Threatened to halt exports to Britain -Organized a boycott of British goods. -Parliament responded by adding new taxes to the colonies. -Colonies form militias to prepare for war. ________________________ created to respond in case of attack. Independence Hall: Philadelphia -This is where the First Continental and Second Continental Congress met. -Also, the Declaration of Independence was signed and issued here in 1776. The Liberty Bell, located at Independence Hall, was rung when we issued the Declaration of Independence in 1776. A speech being made to the delegates at the First Continental Congress. Minutemen earned the nickname “Minutemen” because they were expected to be ready in a minutes time. George Washington attended the First and Second Continental Congress as a delegate from Virginia. Minutemen: -Nickname for colonial militia or _________________ ___________________. -They supplied their own ___________________ and had little military training. -Ready to defend their families and homes. 2 statues created to honor the American minutemen who served at the beginning of the American Revolution. Both of these statues are in Lexington, Mass. Minutemen supplied their own clothes, weapons, and food.

LEXINGTON AND CONCORD (1775): -Patriots had stored arms and ammunition in Concord. -British wanted to capture arms and ammunition and 2 patriot leaders: Sam Adams and John Hancock. -British march out of _______________ on April 18, 1775. -Patriots ride to warn the countryside of British. -Lexington: Minutemen confront British. Exchange fire: __________Minutemen killed or wounded. -British march to Concord: Destroyed supplies. Exchange fire. -British march back to Boston: Minutemen fire on British all the way back. -_____________ British killed, wounded, or missing. -Americans surround Boston. 1. Sons of Liberty were watching the British in Boston and saw them leaving. Members of the Sons of Liberty rode through the countryside to warn the militias that the British were on the move. One rider was Paul Revere. 2. Once people knew that the British were on the move, minutemen were called out to meet the British. 3. When the British reached Lexington, minutemen were waiting for them. A brief battle took place and 18 minutemen were killed or wounded. 4. The British continued to march to Concord where they were unable to find any weapons or ammunition. 5. At Concord, a brief fight took place at the North Bridge. The British left Concord and started back to Boston. 6. On the way back to Boston, the British were fired on by minutemen. Over 300 British were killed, wounded, or missing by the time they got back.

SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS (1775): Representatives from the colonies met in Philadelphia to discuss plans. A. Olive Branch Petition (1775): Sent petition to King George III asking to restore peace. King refuses petition. B. Continental Army (1775): Created an army to prepare for war under the command of _____________________ _________________. General George Washington: Commander of American forces during the American Revolution. King George III: King of England during the American Revolution. American positions around Boston and the British plan of attack on Bunker Hill. Members of the 2nd Continental Congress. • BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL (1775): -American army surrounded _______________ after Lexington and Concord. -British army attacks rebels to drive them back. Beaten back twice. Rebels run out of ammunition. Forced to retreat when British attack a 3rd time. -2200 British start battle. _______________ killed or wounded. -British forced to abandon Boston. They sail out of Boston. British soldiers attacking uphill. American defenders on the top of Breed’s Hill, in front of Bunker Hill.

13. AMERICAN COLONISTS TAKE ACTION: A. Thomas Paine writes _____________ ______________ (1776): -Argues for American independence. Most Americans read this book and agree with him. B. Declaration of __________________________ (1776): Written by Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Ben Franklin, and several others. Issued by the Second Continental Congress in July 1776. -Declared our independence and created the United States of America. -Purpose: Break ties with England and create United States of America. -Purpose of Gov’t: Protect the _______________, liberties of the people. -Power comes from the __________________. -Ideas did not apply to women, slaves, or Indians. Thomas Paine: Common Sense helped create the desire for independence. Many Americans understood and began to support independence. “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and thepursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of thegoverned, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Rightof the People to alter or toabolish it, and to institute new Government” Thomas Jefferson: Given credit for writing the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was created by 5 men: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Ben Franklin, John Dickinson, and Roger Sherman. In reality, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Ben Franklin did most of the work. Jefferson had the largest part in creating and writing the Declaration. Members of the Second Continental Congress signing the Declaration of Independence.

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: -The American Army: (__________ Army, __________ Army) -In the beginning, the Continental Army was made up of _______________, frontiersmen, and ____________________ who left their homes to fight the British. Many believed the war would be short. -At first, they had to provide their own __________________, ammunition, and uniforms. -Over time, they would be formed into regular units with uniforms and proper equipment. At the beginning of the war, the American Army was not a professional army. It was made up of farmers and townspeople who wanted independence. Many soldiers left their homes and families to fight for independence. The Betsy Ross Flag: One of the first flags used in the United States.

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: -The British Army: (_________________, ________________) -The British Army was made up of _____________ soldiers. They were highly __________ and the best equipped army in the world. -They believed the war would be short. -The British would hire German ________________________ to help fight the war. British soldiers were called “Redcoats” or “Lobsterbacks” by the American colonists. The British hired German mercenaries called Hessians to fight for them in the American Revolution. The British flag was known as the “Union Jack.”

The Battle of Saratoga: 1. The British planned a 3 pronged attack to capture the _________________ River Valley and cut off New England from the rest of the colonies. -Gen. Burgoyne would march south from ______________ to take Albany. -Gen. St. Leger would march east from the Great Lakes to Albany. -Gen. Howe would march north from __________ to Albany. • St. Leger was defeated at Battle of ________________. Howe never moved north. • Burgoyne was on his own and met an American army at Saratoga. The British plan called for 3 attacks. -The Battle of Saratoga is often called the Turning Point of the American Revolution. -The American victory gave the French reason to join the war on the American side. They began to send money and military supplies to America. Gen. Burgoyne surrendered to the Americans with about 7,000 soldiers. General Burgoyne surrenders to General Gates at Saratoga. American forces attack the British at Saratoga. Ben Franklin, living in France, was able to convince the French to help the Americans due to this victory.

The Battle of Yorktown: -The _____________ and ____________ armies defeated the British at the Battle of Yorktown. -General _______________ surrendered to the Americans. -This marked the end of the war. Front page of newspaper telling news of British defeat at Yorktown. An American and French army cut off the British army in Yorktown. A French fleet trapped the British fleet in Chesapeake Bay. The British surrendered to the Americans in October 1781. American forces storming a British fortification at Yorktown. General Washington accepting the British surrender at Yorktown. 14

CRQ #1: ENGLISH COLONIES; PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763 DIRECTIONS: Study the following document and then answer the questions that follow. 1. The Proclamation Line of 1763 shown on this map separated what two groups of people? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Who created the Proclamation Line of 1763? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What was the purpose of the Proclamation Line of 1763? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ CRQ #2: THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS DIRECTIONS: Study the flow chart and then answer the questions. 1. What did the delegates do first? _________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How long after the delegates’ first meeting was independence from Great Britain proposed? ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Who proposed that the United States become independent? ___________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted? ________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 15

CRQ #3: DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE DIRECTIONS: Study the document below and then answer the questions that follow. 1. According to Jefferson, why was it necessary to declare the causes which led the colonists to separate from Britain? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the three “unalienable rights” mentioned in the Declaration of Independence? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. How does Jefferson justify declaring independence from Britain? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CRQ #4: REFUGEES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION DIRECTIONS: Complete the reading and study the map below and then answer the questions that follow. Refugees of the American Revolution: During the American Revolution, people who stayed loyal to Britain suffered in many ways. As a result, about 100,000 Loyalists left the United States during the war. Many left their homes and then quickly fled the country, sailing to England or to the islands of the West Indies. Many more moved to large cities first-but even these Loyalists left the United States later. Most of the Loyalists who fled the country left from these cities during four specific periods of time. Why did Loyalists first move to cities and only later leave the country? To find out, study the events listed below and the map. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, answer the questions that follow. 1776 March: British troops leave Boston July: Congress declares independence September: American troops leave New York; British troops enter it 1777 October: Americans win at Saratoga December: Americans win at Trenton 1778 January: Americans win at Princeton June: British troops leave Philadelphia December: British capture Savannah 1779 January: British capture Augusta 1780 May: British capture Charleston August: British win at Camden October: Americans win at King's Mountain 1781 January: Americans win at Cowpens October: British surrender at Yorktown 1782 June: British troops leave Savannah November: British agree to recognize American independence December: British troops leave Charleston 1783 December: last British troops leave United States from New York 1. What events happened before Loyalists left Boston and Philadelphia? __________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What city did the British hold the longest? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CRQ #5: YORKTOWN: THE BATTLE THAT ENDED THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR DIRECTIONS: Study the timeline and map and then answer the questions that follow. The American Revolution broke out in 1775 and ended six years later with the surrender of General Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. The timeline below gives a close-up view of the Yorktown battle. AUGUST 30: French commander de Grasse blockades Cornwallis at mouth of York River. OCTOBER 9: American & French troops surround 8,000 British & German forces and begin shelling. Cornwallis’s only hope: Get over York River to Gloucester, Maryland. Plan dropped due to violent storm. SEPTEMBER 5: De Grasse’s French fleet defeats British, driving them back to New York City OCTOBER 17: Smoke hangs thick. There is a “sudden hush” at 10 am as a white cloth appears – Cornwallis wishes to talk! SEPTEMBER 28: Siege position taken up. De Grasse dispatches ships, bringing 9,000 American troops & 7,800 French troops under Rochambeau down the Chesapeake Bay. OCTOBER 19: The official surrender of the British. Yield: 8,000 prisoners, cannons, muskets, horses, and $11,000 in cash. 1. Two French officers aiding the American cause were ________________________________ and ____________________________________. 2. Yorktown is located at the mouth of the ___________________________ River in the _____________________________ Bay. 3. The white clothe signified that __________________________________ was willing to negotiate. 4. Escape to Gloucester was impossible due to _____________________________________________. 5. In addition to ending the war, the surrender at Yorktown yielded the Americans __________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ENGLISH COLONIES TEST REVIEW SHEET PART 1: MATCHING 1. BOYCOTT: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PART 2: MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What would be something an archaeologist would study from the American Revolution? ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. During the Ice Age, why did people cross the land bridge? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is culture? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Why is culture difficult to study in pre-historic times? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What was the cause of the French and Indian War? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Who won the French and Indian War? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What was the result of the French and Indian War for Britain? ________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. What was the Proclamation Act of 1763 law about? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. What two groups of people did the Proclamation Act of 1763 separate? _________________________________________________________________________________ 10. How did the Proclamation Line cause problems between the colonists and England? ______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. How did the Parliament of England solve their money problems after the French and Indian War? ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. Why were the taxes placed on the people of the colonies seen as unfair? _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13. What was the slogan developed by the colonists over the tax issue? ___________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 14. Economically, how did the colonists non-violently protest the taxes? __________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15. What was the name of the colonists who wanted to go against the King? _______________________________________________________________________________ 16. What were the Intolerable Acts? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 17. Why were the Battles of Lexington and Concord significant? ________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 18. Why were the Sons of Liberty created? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 19. What was the Quartering Act? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 20. What were 3 ways colonists protested the Tea Act? ________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 21. List 4 things the Stamp Act of 1765 taxed. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 22. What was the Boston Tea Party? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

23. How did the colonists protest against the British Government? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 24. Why was the Declaration of Independence important to the colonists? _________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 25. What does the Declaration of Independence say about government? ___________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 26. List some advantages of the American Army in the Revolution? ______________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 27. List some disadvantages of the American Army in the Revolution? ____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 28. Why was the Battle of Saratoga important? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 29. What battle ended the American Revolution? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

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US HISTORY 8

US HISTORY 8

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US History

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By John Petrolias US History, 8

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8 th Grade US History Review

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US History Chapter 8 study aid

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