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Exploring Endocrine System Communication and Hormonal Regulation

Learn about animal behaviors in varied temperatures, feedback mechanisms, types of hormones, gland responses to stress, and more. Understand intercellular signaling and the roles of peptide and steroid hormones in regulating homeostasis.

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Exploring Endocrine System Communication and Hormonal Regulation

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  1. Ch. 32 Warm-Up • What type of behavior in animals might be triggered by cold temperatures? • What type of behaviors might be triggered in hot temperatures? • List 2 examples of negative feedback. List 2 examples of positive feedback. • What is the main type of chemical messenger in the endocrine system? The nervous system?

  2. Ch. 32 Warm-Up • Compare peptide hormones to steroids. • Explain how insulin and glucagon work to regulate blood sugar levels. • Which glands and hormones respond when your body is under stress?

  3. Chapter 32 – Part II Endocrine System

  4. What you must know: • The endocrine system is one of two body systems for communication and regulation. • How hormones are transported, bind to specific target cells, and trigger cellular responses. • The secretion, target, action, and regulation of at least two hormones. • An illustration of both positive and negative feedback in the regulation of homeostasis by hormones.

  5. Types of Intercellular Signaling

  6. Endocrine System= Hormone-secreting cells and Tissues • Endocrine Glands: ductless; secrete hormones directly into body fluids • Hormones: chemical signals that cause a response in target cells (receptor proteins for specific hormones) • Affects 1 tissue, a few, or most tissues in body • OR affect other endocrine glands • Regulation by Positive & Negative Feedback

  7. Discovery Video: Endocrine System

  8. Simple Endocrine Pathway

  9. Simple Neuroendocrine Pathway

  10. Negative feedback systems: • Thyroid hormones • Blood Ca2+ levels • Blood glucose levels • Positive feedback system: • Oxytocin (birthing process; release of milk/suckling)

  11. Types of Hormones Peptide Steroid Lipid-soluble Enters cell & binds to intracellular receptors Causes change in gene expression (protein synthesis) Slower response Longer life Eg. androgens (testosterone), estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, thyroid hormone • Water-soluble • Bind to receptors on plasma membrane & triggers signal transduction pathway • Affects protein activity already present in cell • Rapid response • Short-lived • Eg. oxytocin, insulin, epinephrine

  12. Peptide vs. Steroid Hormones

  13. Fight or Flight Response • Learn Genetics Video Clip (4:29 min)

  14. Epinephrine: One hormone  Many effects! Liver cells break down glycogen and release glucose Blood vessels to skeletal muscles dilate Blood vessels to intestines constrict

  15. Master Glands Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland

  16. Master Glands • Receives info from nerves and brain • Initiates endocrine signals Hypothalamus • Posterior pituitary gland: • Oxytocin: contract uterine muscles, eject milk in nursing • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): promote H2O retention by kidneys Pituitary Gland • Anterior pituitary gland: • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): development of ovarian follicles (eggs); promote sperm production • Luteinizing hormone (LH): trigger ovulation; stimulate testosterone production in testes

  17. Hypothalamusregulation ofPosterior Pituitarygland

  18. Hypothalamusregulation ofAnterior Pituitarygland

  19. BIOFLIX: HOMEOSTASIS – BLOOD SUGAR

  20. Insulin & Glucagon: Control blood glucose levels

  21. High blood glucose Control of Blood Glucose Body cells take up glucose Liver stores glucose as glycogen Insulinreleased from pancreas Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into blood Blood glucose drops Glucagonreleased from pancreas

  22. Diabetes Mellitus • Type I diabetes(10%):deficiency of insulin • Insulin-dependent • Autoimmune disorder  beta cells of pancreas destroyed • Type II diabetes(90%): failure of target cells to respond to insulin • Non-insulin dependent • Insulin produced  cells don’t respond (defect in insulin receptor or response pathway) • Risk factors: obesity, lack of exercise

  23. THYROID GLAND: REGULATION OF METABOLISM

  24. Homeostatic Imbalance: Graves Disease • Autoimmune disorder • Antibodies bind to TSH receptor • Hyperthyroidism (overproduce T3 and T4 hormones) • Bypass TSH negative feedback loop • High temp, sweating, weight loss, high BP

  25. Homeostatic Imbalance: Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis • Autoimmune disorder • Antibodies destroy thyroid gland • Low levels of thyroid hormone • TSH levels rise • Hypothyroidism • Low temp, gain weight, sluggish, low heart rate

  26. Stress and the Adrenal Gland

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