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Where have we been, where are we now, and where are we going? Graham Davies

Where have we been, where are we now, and where are we going? Graham Davies. Why look back?. “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” George Santayana (1863-1952) The Life of Reason, Volume 1, 1905. Monsters from the past (1).

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Where have we been, where are we now, and where are we going? Graham Davies

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  1. Where have we been,where are we now,and where are we going?Graham Davies

  2. Why look back? “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” George Santayana (1863-1952) The Life of Reason, Volume 1, 1905. EUROCALL Bordeaux

  3. Monsters from the past (1) EUROCALL Bordeaux

  4. Monsters from the past (2)Graham, 1984: Hair was in at this time! EUROCALL Bordeaux

  5. The ICT4LT website and blog Created with the aid of European Commission funding, 1999-2000. Regularly updated: http://www.ict4lt.org Details of all bibliographical references in this slideshow can be found in the Resources Centre at the ICT4LT site. EUROCALL Bordeaux

  6. Some personal landmarks • 1976: I began using a computer. • 1979: I wrote my first CALL program. • 1980: I bought my first computer. • 1985: I sent my first email. • 1994: I began to use the Web. • 2007: I created my first blog. • 2007: I began to use Second Life. EUROCALL Bordeaux

  7. Landmarks in the history of CALL • 1980: First conference on CALL: Polytechnic of Central London. • 1982: CALICO founded. • 1986: EUROCALL set up as an informal group of CALL enthusiasts. • 1993: EUROCALL established as a formal professional association. • History of EUROCALL EUROCALL Bordeaux

  8. Histories of CALL • Sanders R. (ed.) (1995) Thirty years of Computer Assisted Language Instruction CALICO Journal 12, 4. • Davies G. (1997) Lessons from the past, lessons for the future: 20 years of CALL. • Delcloque (2000) History of CALLICT4LT Module 1.4, Section 2. EUROCALL Bordeaux

  9. CALL typology and phases ICT4LT Module 1.4, Section 3 Warschauer (1996)Behaviouristic, Communicative, Integrative. Bax (2003)Restricted, Open, Integrated. EUROCALL Bordeaux

  10. Dynamic obsolescence Coren A. (1976) The sanity inspector: “A number of my contemporaries actually chose to go into the Foreign Office: if they read Arabic at university, they were swooped on by Whitehall and sent to Japan; if they read Japanese, they were sent on a special FO training course to learn German, and subsequently placed in Kampala; if their predilection and brilliance were commercial, they were given posts where political expertise was the sole requirement; if they were geographers, they were despatched to found hospitals or advise on fowl pest. In short, as soon as they had completed the long and arduous process of learning something, it was no longer required. They were in a state of permanent dynamic obsolescence.” EUROCALL Bordeaux

  11. Disruptive technologies Christensen C. (1997) The innovator's dilemma: "A disruptive technology is a new technological innovation, product, or service that eventually overturns the existing dominant technology in the market, despite the fact that the disruptive technology is both radically different from the leading technology and that it often initially performs worse than the leading technology according to existing measures of performance." EUROCALL Bordeaux

  12. 1970s: Prime 300 EUROCALL Bordeaux

  13. 1985: Clef - semi-intelligent CALLWeb link EUROCALL Bordeaux

  14. 1980s-1990s: Simulations • Montevidisco, 1983 • Granville, 1986 • London Adventure, 1986 • EXPODISC, 1990 • A la rencontre de Philippe, 1993 EUROCALL Bordeaux

  15. 1986: Granville, Cambridge University Press EUROCALL Bordeaux

  16. 1992: Just grandma and meYouTube link EUROCALL Bordeaux

  17. 1993: The tortoise and the hareYouTube link EUROCALL Bordeaux

  18. 1993: The new kid on the block EUROCALL Bordeaux

  19. 1995: Who is Oscar Lake?Web link EUROCALL Bordeaux

  20. 1997: EncountersWeb link EUROCALL Bordeaux

  21. 1993: The Web See ICT4LT Module 1.5, Section 2 • EUROCALL 93, Hull: no Web • EUROCALL 94, Karlsruhe: some Web • EUROCALL 95, Valencia: more Web • Now: Web 2.0 - nothing but the Web! EUROCALL Bordeaux

  22. 2002: German Steps, BBCWeb link EUROCALL Bordeaux

  23. 2000s: Web 2.0 ICT4LT Module 1.5, Section 2.1 • Image storage and sharing • Social bookmarking • Discussion lists, blogs, wikis, social networking • Chat rooms • MUDs, MOOs and MUVEs • Podcasting • Video sharing • Animation tools - comic strips, movies EUROCALL Bordeaux

  24. Virtual worlds ICT4LT Module 1.5, Section 14.2.1 • Davies G. (2009) Virtual worlds: a brief history. Preface to Molka-Danielsen & Deutschmann • Randall Sadler, Background on virtual worlds • Colossal Cave Adventure, 1976 • Multi-User Dungeon, 1978 • Habitat by Lucasfilm, 1986 • Active Worlds, 1995 • Traveler, 1996 • Second Life, 2003 EUROCALL Bordeaux

  25. Tour of the EUROCALL HQ in SLYouTube link EUROCALL Bordeaux

  26. Where are we going? EUROCALL Bordeaux

  27. Predicting the future Sam Goldwyn,Founder of MGM: I never prophesy – especially about the future. EUROCALL Bordeaux

  28. Historic blunders Telephone: This 'telephone' has too many shortcomings to be seriously considered as a means of communication. The device is inherently of no value to us. Western Union internal memo, 1876. Radio: The wireless music box has no imaginable commercial value. Who would pay for a message sent to nobody in particular? Anonymous associates in response to David Sarnoff, Founder of RCA, urging for investment in the radio in the 1920s. Computer: I think there is a world market for maybe five computers. Thomas Watson, Founder of IBM, 1943. EUROCALL Bordeaux

  29. 1954 vision of a home computer EUROCALL Bordeaux

  30. Fooled you! The picture on the last slide is a spoof. It was created by Troels Eklund Andersen, a Danish technical support technician. He started with a picture of a mock submarine manoeuvring room, added an old TV hanging on the wall, a 1970's teletype, and threw in a picture of a hardware store owner from Ohio. EUROCALL Bordeaux

  31. What is “normal” for you? • Using email and the Web to keep in touch with people • Online shopping • Online banking • Checking train timetables • Booking flight tickets • Making hotel reservations • Checking on the weather • Keeping up with the news • Using the Web as a library • Sending birthday cards via the Web • Ordering our milk and paying our milkman online EUROCALL Bordeaux

  32. 10 things that became obsolete in the last decade • Dial-up modems • 35mm film • Printed maps • Audiocassettes and videocassettes • Audio CDs • Public payphones • Fax • Backing up data on floppies or CDs • Receiving printed bills by post • Losing touch with friends and relatives EUROCALL Bordeaux

  33. The Gartner hype cycle EUROCALL Bordeaux

  34. Enter the smartphone EUROCALL Bordeaux

  35. Small is beautiful • Shield & Kukulska-Hulme (2008) Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL), ReCALL Special Issue: 20, 3. • Wired Magazine, 17 August 2010: The Web is dead. Long live the Internet: http://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/08/ff_webrip/ EUROCALL Bordeaux

  36. The future is 3D: BBC Virtual RevolutionWeb link EUROCALL Bordeaux

  37. Shared media at the EUROCALL HQ in SLYouTube link EUROCALL Bordeaux

  38. What lessons have we learned? • Levy (1997) • Davies (1997) • Decoo (2001) • Felix (2003) EUROCALL Bordeaux

  39. Levy (1997) Computer Assisted Language Learning: context and conceptualization (1997) “Data Driven Learning was the only new approach to language teaching that was cited by survey respondents as a direct result of the attributes of the computer. In other words, this approach has been conceived with the computer in mind.” Total Cloze (Storyboard, Fun with Texts) could also have been mentioned. EUROCALL Bordeaux

  40. Davies (1997) Lessons from the past, lessons for the future: 20 years of CALL (1997) • Don’t regard technology as the panacea. • Learn from the past. • Don’t neglect training in using new technologies. • Choose hardware and software that will last a few years. • Open up to new ideas. Use your imagination. EUROCALL Bordeaux

  41. Decoo (2001) On the mortality of language learning methods (2001) A methodology is quite short-lived - roughly equivalent to the average career span of a teacher. Publishers of ICT materials tend to follow the current methodology. EUROCALL Bordeaux

  42. Felix (2003) Teaching languages online: deconstructing the myths (2003) • Saves time – no. • Saves money – no. • Saves staff – no. • It’s a more effective way of learning - maybe? EUROCALL Bordeaux

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