Nationalism/ Sectionalism

1. Nationalism/ Sectionalism VAGLIO

2. Diplomatic Nationalism

3. Manifest Destiny • Americans began to believe that it was their duty and responsibility to spread their superior culture ---- that it was their God given right to spread west and conquer North America. • This begins in Florida

4. Problems in Florida • Runaway slaves fled there • Creek people retreated to Florida – Seminoles (separatists) --- used Florida as an area to stage resistance • Spain could not control colony • Kinache warned US to stay out of Florida

5. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS? • Nationalism – supreme pride and loyalty to one’s country --- the belief that the interest of a nation should be place ahead of regional or local interests and the foreign policy should be guided by national interests • Sectionalism- the placing of the interests of one’s own region ahead of the interests of the nation as a whole • Expansionism- the belief that it is our duty to expand and spread the American Culture!!

6. US Action • Calhoun – secretary of war – sent General A. Jackson into Florida • Jackson disobeyed orders --- destroyed several seminole villages – captured the Spanish governor of Florida –

7. Result: Adams/Onis Treaty • US puts pressure on Spain about controlling land in Florida --- could result in war --- Spain eventually ceded Florida to the US and established a definite western border.

8. Nationalism guides Foreign Policy • Britain • Rush-Bagot Treaty – an agreement between the US/Britian to demilitarize the Great Lakes • Convention of 1818 – meeting that set the US northern border at the 49th parallel and also set up Oregon as a jointly owned territory

9. Bold Statement: Monroe Doctrine • 1823 – Monroe – warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere – they should not attempt to create new colonies, or try and overthrow the new nations – any action of this nature would be considered dangerous to the safety of the US --- likewise the US would not involve itself in the affairs of Europe.

10. Reasons • Spain and Portugal wanted to regain their lost colonies in Latin America • Russia had claimed the 51st parallel as Alaska’s southern border – posed a threat to trade bt/ US and China • A response to the Quadruple Alliance – GB, Prussia, Russia, Austria – suppress movements against monarchies

11. NATIONALISM • James Fennimore Cooper/ Washington Irving • North American Review – intellectual magazine that began publication in 1815 • Revived Bank of the US – 1816 • Army was expanded • Navy glorified – successes against British/ Barbary Pirates • Stephen Decatur- “Our Country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right, but our country right or wrong.

12. II. THE AMERICAN SYSTEM • Phrased coined by HENRY CLAY • Tariff of 1816 (20% - 25%) – dutiable taxes • BANKING SYSTEM • INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS – would be paid for by the revenues from the protective tariff • Transportation – network of roads, canals particularly in burgeoning OHIO valley – create an interdependent economy • Madison’s Veto – (bill for internal improvements on roads)

13. III. SO CALLED ERA OF GOOD FEELING • The election of 1816 signified a few realities • Virginia was a dominant for early presidents • Federalists ran their last political party • ONE PARTY SYSTEM • James Monroe – least distinguished of the first eight presidents (connected Founding Fathers – nationalist regime) • “good feeling” – this term was quite the misnomer • Issue of the tariff, the bank, internal improvements, sale of land, ---- worked to create SECTIONALISM

14. PANIC OF 1819 – “Curse of Hard Times” / did much to hurt the so called era of good feelings (deflation, depression, bankruptcies, unemployment, soup kitchens, debtor’s prisons • CAUSES • Overspeculation in frontier lands (WEST) EFFECTS • Financial paralysis • WILD CAT BANKS closed • GAVE RISE TO JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY – mistrust of the wealthy/ government

15. IV. GROWING PAINS OF THE WEST • “Ohio FEVER” – nine frontier state had joined the union between 1791 – 1819 ( admitted alternately to keep sectional balance) • Harrison/ Jackson • Old/ tired land • Better transportation – Cumberland road/ Steamboat • Land Act 1820 - $ 1.25/ acre

16. Southern Economy • Economy in the south thrived on the production of several major cash crops – items grown in surplus to be sold for the sole purpose of making a profit • Regional Crops • Md, Ky, Va – tobacco • SC, GA – rice paddies • LA, TX - sugarcane

17. Cotton Becomes King • Reason is because cotton is adaptable to the climate and can be grown all over the South East – LA, SC, TN, NC, GA, MI, AL • Cotton gin • Effects on: • Production • Slave population

18. INDUSTRY LAGS • For the most part the south did not industrialize as quick as the north – remained a region of rural villages /plantations – with 3 large cities – Baltimore, New Orleans, Charleston • South had some Industry – Coal, iron, salt, copper mines, textile mills, • Region still relied on imported finished product

19. Society in the South • of the 6,000,000 in population only 347,525 families owned slave – of which 37,000 were considered to be planters • Planters – top society of the south (large plantations) and held 20 0r more slaves – represented less than ½ of 1% of the population • 8,000/ 37,000 had more than 50 slaves • Only 11 had 500 or more • Planters dominated the economics, politics, & society of the south

20. YEOMAN – ordinary farmers made up a vast majority of the white population for the south (may have held for or fewer slaves) • Worked on the land themselves • RURAL POOR – made up mostly of families living on land to barren for cultivation – fished, hunted, raised chickens & hogs – represented less than 10% OF POPULATION

21. AFRICAN AMERICANS– 3.6 million living in the south – 93% were slaves • Task system – workers were given a set of tasks and once completed they had the rest of time free • Gang system – slaves organized into gangs & worked from sun up to sundown – planting, cultivating, picking, plowing • Driver – director of the work gangs (fear of the lash) • Frederick Douglas – Abolitionist ( former slave)

22. AFRICAN AMERICANS– 3.6 million living in the south – 93% were slaves • Task system – workers were given a set of tasks and once completed they had the rest of time free • Gang system – slaves organized into gangs & worked from sun up to sundown – planting, cultivating, picking, plowing • Driver – director of the work gangs (fear of the lash) • Frederick Douglas – Abolitionist ( former slave)

23. Free African Americans • By 1850 225,000 free African Americans resided in the south • Descendents from indentured servitude • Earned freedom from fighting in the revolution • Some bought their freedom • Slaveowners set them free

24. Coping with Enslavement • Culture – centered around religion – most were Christian and gathered together to pray for a better life and share their experiences • Influences – GULLLAH – goober, voodoo • Resistance – Denmark Vesey/ Nat Turner

25. Growing Sectionalism • Monroe's Era of Good Feeling could not ward off the growing sectionalism concerning a most divisive issue of slavery • 1819 Missouri applied for state hood – Union consisted of 11 Free and 11 slave states – upset political balance in the Senate

26. Solution – Maine applied to the Union as a separate free state from MAS – balancing political power in the Senate • Jesse Thomas of Illinois then proposes an amendment – prohibit slavery north of Missouri in the Louisiana Territory and allow it south of the Missouri (36/30)