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ENLIGHTENMENT NOTES

ENLIGHTENMENT NOTES. The Characteristics of the Enlightenment. Legal Reforms Justice, kindness, and charity no torture or indiscriminant incarceration. Due process of law. . The Characteristics of the Enlightenment. Constitutionalism Written constitutions listing citizens’ rights .

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ENLIGHTENMENT NOTES

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  1. ENLIGHTENMENTNOTES

  2. The Characteristics of the Enlightenment • Legal Reforms • Justice, kindness, and charity • no torture or indiscriminant incarceration. • Due process of law.

  3. The Characteristics of the Enlightenment • Constitutionalism • Written constitutions listing citizens’rights.

  4. Europe 1700

  5. The “Enlightened”Individual:The Philosophe • Not really original thinkers as a whole, but were great publicists of the new thinking CHANGE & PROGRESS! • They were students of society who analyzed its evils and advanced reforms.

  6. Enlightened Thinkers believed… • Man’s intellect was apart from God • Original sin was irrelevant- humans were innocent at birth and full of potential • God existed to create the universe but was no longer involved in its operation- “natural law” took over.

  7. 1: Which of the following areas was not an influence on the Enlightenment: • Political stability in Britain • Locke’s concept of tabula rasa • Political and economic stability in France • The discoveries of Newton • An expanding print culture

  8. 2: This was an 18th century intellectual and cultural movement that tied together certain key ideas, especially in the area of government, and was the link between the scientific revolution and the application of reason. Enlightenment

  9. 3: Writers, critics, and thinkers, many of whom were French, who dedicated themselves to exposing social problems, proposing reforms based upon implementing natural laws, and advocating toleration were known as… Philosophes

  10. Voltaire (1712-1778) • Francois Marie Arouet. • Essay on the Customsand Spirit of Nations, 1756 • Candide, 1759 • Philosophical Dictionary, 1764

  11. 4: The best known and influential of the enlightened thinkers criticized the French government and abuses of society, was against the intolerance of organized Christianity, and championed religious tolerance. His most famous work of satire is Candide. Voltaire

  12. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) • Persian Letters, 1721 • On the Spirit of Laws, 1758

  13. 5: This individual wrote The Spirit of the Laws in an attempt to apply the methods of the natural sciences to the study of government. His most influential ideas was that of the division of power in government to protect the rights of individuals. Baron de Montesquieu

  14. Montesquieu’s Philosophy • Three types of government: • Monarchy. • Republic. • Despotism. • A separation of political powers ensured freedom and liberty.

  15. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) • A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, 1750 • Emile, 1762. • The Social Contract, 1762.

  16. 6: This individual wrote The Social Contract, dealing with political theory and government. He suggested society is more important than its individual members and that sovereign power in a nation resides in the general will of the community, not in the ruler.He believed in a “natural education” for children and distrusted reason and science. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

  17. Rousseau’s Philosophy • The Social Contractwas derived from human nature, not from history, tradition, or the Bible. • People would be most free and moral under a republican form of government with direct democracy.

  18. Rousseau’s thinking: • Had a great influence on the French revolutionaries of 1789. • His attacks on private property inspired the communists of the 19c such as Karl Marx.

  19. Denis Diderot (1713-1784) • All things must be examined, debated, investigated without exception and without regard for anyone’s feelings. • We will speak against senseless laws until they are reformed; and, while we wait, we will abide by them.

  20. 7: This individual’s goal was to bring together all the most current and enlightened thinking about science, technology, mathematics, art, and government in a series of books called an Encyclopedia. Denis Diderot

  21. Diderot’s Encyclopédie

  22. Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

  23. Subscriptions to Diderot’s Encyclopedie

  24. The Encyclopédie • Complete cycle of knowledge changes the general way of thinking. • 28 volumes. (17 of text, 11 of drawings.) • Alphabetical, cross-referenced,illustrated. • Published between 1751-1772. • 60,000 entries. 150 authors. • 1500 livres a set. ($37,000)

  25. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) • Women were not naturally inferior to men, but appeared to be only because they lack education. • She believed both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagined a social order founded on reason.

  26. 8: This individual in her Vindication of the Rights of Women defended equality of women with men on the grounds of both genders sharing the same capacity of human reason. She accused other individuals of attempting to limit the experience of women by upholding their traditional roles. Mary Wollstonecraft

  27. Adam Smith (1723-1790) • Scottish philosopher. • “father of modern economics” and is still among the most influential thinkers in the field of economics today.

  28. 9: This individual wrote The Wealth of Nations in which he explained the concept of laissez-faire, supply and demand, and the limited role of government in economics.He also embraced the four-stage theory, which Europeans used in the 19th century to justify their dominance. Adam Smith

  29. 10: This individual wrote the Second Treatise of Civil Government which stated that people set up civil governments to protect life, liberty, and property. He formulated the theory of “natural rights”. He also argued for limited government; it is a contract between the people and the ruler who promises to safeguard their natural rights. John Locke

  30. John Locke’s Philosophy • Human beings possess free will. • they should be prepared for freedom. • obedience should be out of conviction, not out of fear. • There are certain natural rights that are endowed by God to all human beings. • life, liberty, property! • He favored a republic as the best form of government.

  31. 11: The belief in which God was a cosmic watchmaker who created the universe and then let it run according to natural laws of the universe. Much of the educated elite in western Europe and North America embraced this idea. Deism

  32. Female Philosophes • Emilie du Chatalet, a French noblewoman(1706-1749). • Wrote extensively aboutthe mathematics andphysics of GottfriedWilhelm von Lebnitz andIsaac Newton. • Her lover, Voltaire, learned much of his science from her.

  33. A Parisian Salon

  34. The Salonnieres Madame Geoffrin(1699-1777) MadameSuzanne Necker(1739-1794) MademoiselleJulie de Lespinasse(1732*-1776)

  35. Madame Geoffrin’s Salon

  36. An Increase in Reading

  37. Reading During the Enlightenment • Literacy: • 80% for men; 60% women. • Books were expensive (one day’s wages). • Many readers for each book (20 : 1) • novels, plays & other literature. • journals, memoirs, “private lives.” • philosophy, history, theology. • newspapers, political pamphlets.

  38. The American “Philosophes” John Adams(1745-1826) ThomasJefferson(1743-1826) Ben Franklin(1706-1790) life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

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