1 / 17

World History: The Earth and its Peoples

World History: The Earth and its Peoples. Chapter 11 Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas, 200 - 1500 C.E. Objectives. How did differing environments influence the development of Mesoamerican, Andean, and northern people?

cicero
Download Presentation

World History: The Earth and its Peoples

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. World History:The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 11 Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas, 200 - 1500 C.E.

  2. Objectives • How did differing environments influence the development of Mesoamerican, Andean, and northern people? • What technologies were developed to meet the challenges of these environments? • How were the civilizations of Mesoamerica and the Andean region similar? How did they differ? • How did religious belief and practice influence political life in the ancient Americas?

  3. Classic-Era Culture and Society, 200-900 Classic Period - (200-900 CE) • Olmec traditions • platform and pyramid structures • political and cultural innovations • elite ability to control laborers • rich and power of leaders Teotihuacan - (450-600 CE) • largest city in Americas • 125,000 to 200,000 • pyramids to Sun and Moon gods • human sacrifice • well-being of society • Quetzalcoatl • feathered serpent god

  4. Classic-Era Culture and Society, 200-900 Teotihuacan Agriculture • marginal lands into production • chinampas • “floating gardens” • year-round farming Commoner Housing • apartment-like stone buildings • artisans Commerce • base of wealth for elite class Politics • alliance of elite families • demise to invaders or interior elite / class conflict

  5. The Maya Maya • Guatemala, Belize, Honduras • tropical climate and fragile soils • managed forests; terracing • draining swamps; gardens • single culture, no political unity • city-states • centered of religious temples • awe the masses • pyramids and plazas • alignment with Sun and Venus • rulers • priestly and political • bloodletting as communication

  6. The Maya Military • captives not territory • elite warriors sacrificed Women • ruling class • important roles in ceremonies • bloodletting • common • gardens; family, religion, healing Technology • calendric system • ritual, solar, cycle, long count • math • zero and place value

  7. Postclassic Period, 900-1500 Population expansion • intensified agriculture • increased warfare Toltecs - 968-1156 CE • Tula • important innovations • military and political • conquest state • warrior, sacrifice images • downfall • division of responsibility • struggle between religious cults • new Mesoamerican order • urbanized Toltec statecraft

  8. The Aztecs Aztecs - 1325 • Mexica • clan-based from N. Mexico • serfs and mercenaries • adopt Toltec urbanization • Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco • Lake Texcoco • shift to monarch system • rulers selected by council • war provided legitimacy • social reorganization (inequality) • warrior elite • slaves and serfs • clothes, diets, marriage

  9. Aztecs Population • 150,000 (500,000 by 1500 CE) • Agriculture • labor of clans and defeated • land reclamation • Lake Texcoco dike • chinampas • maize, fruits, vegetables • tribute system • 1/4 of crops • Commerce • specialized merchant class • no money or credit (barter) • Tenochtitlan markets

  10. Aztecs Religion • polytheistic; dual nature gods • male and female • war and agriculture (Twin Temples) • Huitzilopochtli • cult of the hummingbird • Sun’s warmth • human hearts • Tlatoc • rain god • human sacrifice • war captives • criminals, slaves, tribute • political subtext

  11. Sacrificial Tools

  12. Northern Peoples ^ Agriculture = ^ Population • maize, beans, squash • irrigation systems Southwestern Cultures • Mexican influence • Anasazi - 450-1200 CE • “ancient ones” • four-corner region • underground buildings (kivas) • artisan activities Decline • population pressures • limited arable land in drought

  13. Mound Builders Adena - 500 BCE • Ohio River Valley • monumental earthworks • elite burial mounds Hopewell - 100-400 CE • hunter-gatherer / limited agriculture • chiefdom • hereditary • religious and secular Cahokia • Mississippi Valley • East St. Louis • 30,000 population

  14. Andean Civilizations, 200-1500 Andean Society • effective organization of labor • khipus • census and tribute counts • terrace farming • ayllu (clan) • communally held land • reciprocal relationship • mit’a (territorial state) • state projects • vertical integration • small ecological areas • access to essential zones

  15. Moche Moche - 200 CE • city-state • influence via military • theocratic society • massive irrigation • coca for religious rituals • llamas and alpacas • artisanship • pottery: textiles • gold and silver objects: metal tools • decline • natural disasters • rise of new military powers (Wari)

  16. Tiwanaku and Wari Tiwanaku • Andean highland (13,000’) • Lake Titicaca reclamations • ceremonial / political center • large regional population Wari • possible twin capital or dependency • lacks central planning Decline increased military conflict

  17. The Inca Inca • ambitious military expansion • resources from ecological zones • llamas and alpacas • collective efforts • 1/7 male population • held hostage • local ruler heirs held in Cuzco • Cuzco • Incan capital • shape of a Puma • Weakening • civil war in 1525

More Related