Cognitive Psychology Chapter 2: The Cognitive Science Approach

1. Cognitive Psychology Chapter 2: The Cognitive Science Approach

2. 1/2/2020 • Outline • Chapter 2: The Cognitive Science Approach • Ashcraft’s Seven Themes • Measuring Information Processes • Guiding Analogies • The General Human Information Processor • Process models • The cognitive science approach • Techniques Study Question. • Describe four methods for investigating brain structure and function. • Draw a flowchart representing the General Information Processor. Identify the components.

3. The Cognitive Science Approach • Seven Themes • Attention • Automatic versus conscious processing • Data driven versus conceptually driven processing • Representation • Implicit versus Explicit Memory • Metacognition • Brain

4. The Cognitive Science Approach 100 1500 Immediate recall Final recall 80 60 Accuracy Reaction Time (ms) 1400 40 20 0 1 10 5 15 Serial Position A canary can fly A canary can breath • Measuring Information Processes • The Factory Example • Time and Accuracy • The sentence verification task, revisited • Memory and accuracy

5. The Cognitive Science Approach Extreme accuracy emphasis Normal Instructions Max Theoretical Definition Accuracy Moderate speed Emphasis Extreme Speed emphasis Chance Fast Slow Response time • Measuring Information Processes • Trade-offs between accuracy and time. • Guiding Analogies • Channel capacity • The computer analogy

6. The Cognitive Science Approach S E L E C T I O N Short- term Memory F I L T E R R Pattern Recognition Sensory Memory S Long- term Memory • Information Processing Approach • The General Human Information Processor

7. The Cognitive Science Approach Encode Trace Decision Response RT Distance • Information Processing Approach • Process Models -Hypotheses about the specific mental processes that take place when a particular task is performed. • E.g., The curve tracing task

8. The Cognitive Science Approach • Information Processing Approach • Assumptions underlying process models • Sequential stages of processing that occur on every trial • Serial processing • Independent and nonoverlapping • Any stage is assumed to be completed before the next stage begins • Difficulties • Parallel processing • Some process may operate simultaneously • Context effects • Other problems • Dependence on RT data • Do not work as well for higher level processes

9. The Cognitive Science Approach Long Term Memory Attention Sensory Memory Short Term Memory S R • The Cognitive Science Approach • Updating the standard theory • Parallel Processing • Limits on strict sequential processing • Context • Bidirectional arrows

10. The Cognitive Science Approach • Neurocognition • Neuropsychological Approach • Broca and Wernicke

11. The Cognitive Science Approach • Basic Neurology • Neurons

12. The Cognitive Science Approach • Basic Neurology • Reflexes

13. The Cognitive Science Approach • Basic Neurology • Synapses • Massive interconnectivity • Excitatory and inhibitory connections • Neurotransmitters

14. The Cognitive Science Approach • Basic Neurology • Lower brain structures

15. The Cognitive Science Approach • Basic Neurology • The cortex

16. The Cognitive Science Approach • Basic Neurology • Principles of cortical organization • Contralateral connections

17. The Cognitive Science Approach • Basic Neurology • Principles of cortical organization • Topographic organization

18. The Cognitive Science Approach • Basic Neurology • Principles of cortical organization • Hemispheric specialization • Split brain patients

19. The Cognitive Science Approach • Lateralization demonstration • Pick which face seems happier (Top or Bottom)

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36. The Cognitive Science Approach • Methods of investigation • Lesions • Deliberate, surgical destruction of brain tissue • E.g., Primate research on blindsight • Incidental surgical destruction of brain tissue • E.g., H.M. and the hippocampas • Direct stimulation • Penfield’s procedure • Direct stimulation in animal models

37. The Cognitive Science Approach • Methods of investigation • Recording • Single cell recording • Hubel and Weisel • Simple cells - edge detectors • Complex cells - edges at particular angles • Hypercomplex cells - angles and length • Imaging • MRI

38. The Cognitive Science Approach MRI

39. The Cognitive Science Approach • fMRI

40. The Cognitive Science Approach • PET The left column shows original PET images of the regional cerebral blood flow at rest (top) and during language activation (bottom) . The task was to silently generate verbs from auditorily presented nouns. The right column shows the corresponding cerebral anatomy for that particular slice (top) and the same image with the significantly activated areas superimposed.

41. The Cognitive Science Approach • Methods of investigation • Recording • E.E.G

42. The Cognitive Science Approach • PDP Models • Connectionist/ neural net models • The master spy analogy