Cognitive Psychology Chapter 2.2 The Cognitive Science Approach

1. Cognitive Psychology Chapter 2.2 The Cognitive Science Approach

2. Sept. 18, 2013 “Mr. Osborne, may I be excused? My brain is full.” Chapter 2.2 • Outline • Cognitive Science (c’ont) • Journey to the center of your brain, c’ont • Basic Neurology • Cortical functioning • Techniques • Blindsight example Study Question. • Describe three principles of cortical organization and functioning.

3. The Cognitive Science Approach • Neurocognition • A journey to the center of your brain • Vilayanur Ramachandran <Conclusion to video: Journey to the center of your brain>

4. The Cognitive Science Approach • Neurocognition • Neuropsychological Approach • Broca and Wernicke • Double dissociation

5. The Cognitive Science Approach • Basic Neurology • Neurons

6. The Cognitive Science Approach • Basic Neurology • Reflexes

7. The Cognitive Science Approach • Basic Neurology • Synapses • Massive interconnectivity • Excitatory and inhibitory • Neurotransmitters

8. The Cognitive Science Approach • Basic Neurology • Lower brain structures

9. The Cognitive Science Approach • Basic Neurology • The cortex

10. The Cognitive Science Approach Donald Olding Hebb(1904 - 1985) • Basic Neurology • Principles of cortical organization • Cell assemblies - groups of neurons that, through repeated excitation, have become functionally organized into a circuit that provides a neural basis for perception, learning, and thinking. • Hebb’s neuropsychological theory • Three postulates 1. Formation of Hebb’s synapse (Hebb’s rule) 2. Formation of cell assemblies. 3. Formation of phase sequences.

11. The Cognitive Science Approach Donald Olding Hebb(1904 - 1985) • Basic Neurology • Principles of cortical organization • Hebb’s neuropsychological theory • Formation of Hebb’s synapse (Hebb’s rule) “The general idea is an old one, that any two cells … that are repeatedly active at the same time will tend to become 'associated', so that activity in one facilitates activity in the other”(Hebb, 1949)

12. The Cognitive Science Approach Donald Olding Hebb(1904 - 1985) 12 13 1, 4 5, 9 2, 14 6, 10 3, 11 8 7, 15 • Basic Neurology • Principles of cortical organization • Hebb’s neuropsychological theory • Formation of cell assemblies (Hebb’s rule) Cells that fire together, wire together

13. The Cognitive Science Approach Donald Olding Hebb(1904 - 1985) • Basic Neurology • Principles of cortical organization • Hebb’s neuropsychological theory • Formation of cell assemblies (Hebb’s rule) • Cells that fire together, wire together • Formation of phase sequences (Hebb’s rule) • Thinking is represented as the sequential activation of sets of cell assemblies

14. The Cognitive Science Approach Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) • Basic Neurology • Principles of cortical organization • Localization of function • Phrenology

15. The Cognitive Science Approach Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens (1794 - 1867) Karl Lashly (1890 - 1958) • Basic Neurology • Principles of cortical organization • Localization of function • Equipotentiality • • Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens • -> Systematically removed parts of birds/ amphibian brains - found no specific deficits • • Karl Lashly’s law of mass action - the cortex is undifferentiated and participates equally in psychological activity • -> Performance on a learned maze is proportional only to the amount of brain removed.

16. The Cognitive Science Approach • Basic Neurology • Principles of cortical organization • Localization of function • Equipotentiality • • Problems with Lashley’s experiment • -> Maze learning depends on multiple systems • -> Didn’t look at subcortical regions

17. The Cognitive Science Approach • Basic Neurology • Principles of cortical organization • Contralateral connections

18. The Cognitive Science Approach • Basic Neurology • Principles of cortical organization • Topographic organization

19. The Cognitive Science Approach • Basic Neurology • Principles of cortical organization • Hemispheric specialization • Split brain patients <Split brain video clip>

20. The Cognitive Science Approach • Methods of investigation • Lesions • Blindsight example <Blindsight clip from “Zombies in the Brain”>