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The Animal Kingdom

The Animal Kingdom. PPt #2: Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates (BRIEF for EOC). Characteristics of ALL Animals. Eukaryotic Multicellular Motility- at some point Reproduction Obtain Food/Heterotrophs. Body Plans and Symmetry.

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The Animal Kingdom

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  1. The Animal Kingdom PPt #2: Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates (BRIEF for EOC)

  2. Characteristics of ALL Animals • Eukaryotic • Multicellular • Motility- at some point • Reproduction • Obtain Food/Heterotrophs

  3. Body Plans and Symmetry • Many different body plans and types of symmetry that are adaptations. • Asymmetrical: no symmetry • Sponge • Radial Symmetry: parts branch out in all directions from a central line • Jellyfish • Bilateral Symmetry: two similar halves on either side of a central plane • Butterfly

  4. Invertebrates and Vertebrates Invertebrates Vertebrates Sponges Fishes Worms Amphibians Mollusks Reptiles Arthropods Birds Insects Mammals Echinoderms

  5. Animal Evolution Cnidaria Nematoda Annelida Echinodermata Porifera Platyhelminthes Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms mollusks segmentedworms insectsspiders starfish vertebrates • body & brain size,  mobility backbone redundancy, specialization,  mobility segmentation  body size endoskeleton  digestive sys coelom radial • body complexity  digestive & repro sys body cavity bilateral symmetry distinct body plan; cephalization tissues specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue specialization & body complexity multicellularity bilateral Ancestral Protist

  6. Phylum Porifera (Sponges) • Invertebrates • Filter feeders • Multicellular • Sexual and Asexual Reproduction • Asymmetrical body plans (many different shapes) • Found in water • Adults are sessile

  7. P. Cnidaria (jellyfish; anemones) • Radial Symmetry • Predators that capture or poison prey (stinging cells eject from tentacles) • Polyp and Medusa body forms • Nervous systems • Sexual or Asexual reproduction

  8. Worms- Several Phyla: • P. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)- some are free living (planaria), some are parasitic (tapeworm) • P. Aschelminthes (aka: P. Nematoda- roundworms)- parasitic worms • P. Annelida (segmented worms) Some are free-living (ex: earthworm- beneficial as they aerate soil; some parasitic (fluke) • Earthworms are segmented; also they aerate soil • Some have nervous, muscular & digestive systems

  9. P. Mollusca • Means ‘soft-bodied’. Not all have shells • Slugs and Octopus- no shells • Clams, Oysters, Snails-have shells • Use radula to scrape or cut food • Most reproduce sexually • Nervous system, circulatory system, respiratory structures (gills), excretory structures

  10. P. Arthropoda • Means ‘jointed leg’ • Segmented Body • Bilateral symmetry • Exoskeleton • Molt • Complex body systems • Nervous system • Sexual reproduction • Adapted to life on land, water or air • Classes: Arachnids (spiders, ticks); Crustaceans (lobsters, crayfish); Insects, Millipedes, Centipedes • More classes of insects than any other animal

  11. Class Insecta • Entomologist – person who studies insects • General Characteristics of Insects 1. Largest group of Arthropods/most diverse group of animals 2. Three body regions: head, thorax, abdomen 3. Compound and simple eyes 4. Three pairs of legs (6 total); 2 sets of wings (only inverts that can fly) 5. One pair of antennae - sense vibration & food Insects (73%) antennae 1 2 3

  12. Two types of Insect Life CyclesMETAMORPHOSIS Section 28-3 Adult Eggs Adult Eggs IncompleteMetamorphosis CompleteMetamorphosis Larva Adult Nymph Nymph Immature Larva Nymph Adult Pupa

  13. P. Echinodermata • ‘Spiny skin’ • Sea stars: Radial symmetry • Internal Skeleton • Many are predators • Ex: starfish (aka ‘sea stars’); sea urchins JonathanBird’s Blue World- series on youtube. Watched starfish: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxbW4W_nMZs#t=496.015106 Short video with music- starfish predating on scallop and hopping calm: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALaMoS_vvNE

  14. And now for the Vertebrates…

  15. Phylum Chordata • Most all chordates belong to Sub-Phylum Vertebrata (don’t worry about the ones that don’t) • Classes of Chordates (that you need to know) are on the following slides

  16. C. Osteichthyes • Bony fish • “true” bone has inorganic calcium and phosphates (why it doesn’t decompose) • Aquatic vertebrates • Fins (usually paired) • Scales, Gills • 2 chambered heart • ECTOTHERMIC

  17. C. Chondrichthyes • Ex- Sharks, rays • Cartilage fish • Good olfactory (sensing) • Fins • 2 chambered heart • Ectothermic

  18. C. Amphibia • Vertebrate • Live in water as larva and land as adults (why is this important, evolutionary speaking?) • Have lungs (small); some diffusion through moist skin • No scales • 3 chambered heart • ectothermic

  19. C. Reptilia • Vertebrate • Dry, scaly skin • Lungs • Terrestrial • amniotic eggs • Ectothermic • ‘Imperfect’ 4 chambered heart

  20. C. Aves • Birds (*recent phylogeny has them with reptiles) • Maintain constant internal temperature (endothermic) • Feathers • Hollow bones • 2 legs covered in scales • Front limbs modified into wings • 4 chambered heart

  21. C. Mammalia • Fur or Hair (even if only a little) • Nourish young with milk (mammary glands) • 4 chambered hearts • Most give birth to live young (ex- placentals & marsupials). A few lay eggs (ex- duck billed platypus) • Endothermic • *FYI…Primates (opposable thumbs) are an Order of this Class

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