Introduction to Physiology

1. Introduction to Physiology 1

2. About this Chapter • Definition of physiology • Review of organ systems • Function and process • Introduction to homeostasis • Ideas in physiology • Themes in physiology • The science of physiology • Discussion of scientific literature

3. Levels of Organization • Physiology defined • Study of the functions and processes of living organisms • Organization of life • The cell is the unit of life • Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms

4. Levels of Organization Figure 1-1

5. Organ Systems in Review • Integumentary • Musculoskeletal • Respiratory • Digestive • Reproductive and Urinary • Circulatory • Nervous and Endocrine • Immune

6. Organ Systems in Review The integration between systems of the body Figure 1-2

7. Function versus Process • Function explains the “why” • Teleological approach • Process or mechanism describes the “how” • Mechanistic approach • Red blood cell example

8. Homeostasis • Environmental balance • External • Internal • Cell • Intracellular fluid • Extracellular fluid

9. Homeostasis Relationships between an organism’s internal and external environments Figure 1-3

10. Homeostasis and Controls • External or internal change • Physiological attempt to correct • Sensors, integrating center • Response of cells and organs • Loss of homeostasis

11. Homeostasis and Controls • Successful compensation • Homeostasis reestablished • Failure to compensate • Pathophysiology • Illness • Death

12. Homeostasis and Controls Figure 1-4

13. Current Thought in Physiology • Genomics to proteomics • The Human Genome Project • The Physiome Project • Challenges of an integrative science • Levels of organization • Multi-component systems • Emergent properties • Tools • Concept mapping

14. Concept Mapping • Structure and function • Integration across • Cells, tissues, and organs • Flow charts • Follow process in sequence

15. Concept Mapping: Types of Maps Figure 1-5a

16. Concept Mapping: Types of Maps Figure 1-5b

17. Themes in Physiology • Homeostasis and control systems • Biological energy • Structure-function relationships • Molecular interactions • Compartmentation • Mechanical properties • Communication

18. Themes in Physiology A simple control system Figure 1-6

19. Scientific Inquiry and Knowledge • Observation and experimentation • Hypothesis • Variables, controls, and data • Replication • Theories and models

20. Human Experiments • Difficult to interpret results • Genetic variables • Placebo effect • Nocebo effect • Ethics

21. Formats of Experimental Design • Crossover studies • Blind studies • Double-blind studies • Double-blind crossover studies

22. Time Duration of Experiments • Longitudinal studies • Prospective studies • Cross-sectional studies • Retrospective studies • Meta-analysis

23. Representing DataGraphs: X- and Y-Axes Figure 1-7a

24. Representing DataGraphs: Bar Figure 1-7b

25. Representing DataGraphs: Histogram Figure 1-7c

26. Representing DataGraphs: Line and Interpolation Figure 1-7d

27. Representing DataGraphs: Scatter Plot and “Best Fit” Line Figure 1-7e

28. Scientific Literature • Books • Journals • Peer-reviewed • Review articles • Internet • Google • Google Scholar

29. Summary • Organ systems • Structures and functions • Homeostatic balance • Integrative science • Four key themes • Experimental designs • Data representation • Scientific literature